The novel Briar Rose by Jane Yolen is a heart wrenching...

The novel Briar Rose by Jane Yolen is a heart wrenching story of Sleeping Beauty intertwined with the horrors of the Jewish Holocaust. Yolen portrays the difference between the fairytale and the ugly reality through this novel. The character, Gemma, tells a fairytale called Briar Rose to her three granddaughters every time she is with them. Gemma’s identity at the start of the novel is hidden, and Becca, Gemmas granddaughter, is on a journey to unveil and discover the truth about her identity and Briar Rose. The truth ends up being that Gemma is the Briar Rose she speaks about in her stories. During this journe, Becca discovers not only her grandmother’s identity but also her own. Becca grows up and realizes that her grandmother chose†¦show more content†¦Ã¢â‚¬Å"Oh they are much in appreciation† and â€Å"Once upon a time† represent that language is a big part of the novel through the characters. The first quote shows Magdas awkward, broken Engli sh, and the second quote shows Gemmas fairytale. Through the language of a text, readers are able to get the different ideas about the people’s backgrounds and who they are. Irony is often used in Briar Rose, especially with Josef. Josef represents the prince because he saves Gemmas life during the Holocaust. The stereotypical view of princes in fairytales is that they rescue the female, and they kiss and live happily ever after. That was never going to be the case with Gemma and Josef because Josef is a homosexual, and he was in love with Aron, Gemmas husband. Briar Rose is an allegory for the Holocaust. The harsh details of her survival are hidden in the magical fairytale, and it softens the impact of reality for the reader. Jane Yolens techniques pull through to create an interesting story, and they also help carry out the different themes throughout the book. The themes of the novel make Briar Rose a good book. There are many different subjects that build and make the fiction story stronger. â€Å"I have no memories in my head but one†¦a fairytale. † This quote shares a theme of past, memory, and remembrance. Gemmas past was so traumatic that in order to cope Gemma’s memory of the past, she had to present in a unique way. This theme reminds the readers that memoriesShow MoreRelatedBriar Rose Essay1325 Words   |  6 PagesYolen enlightens and inspires responders through the use of structure, language and other techniques. The novel Briar Rose by Jane Yolen is a heart wrenching story of sleeping beauty intertwined with the horrors of the Jewish Holocaust. The structure of the novel is altered in a way to interweave three stories including Gemmas Briar Rose fairy tale, Beccas quest and Josefs story. The use of language techniques explores the idea of the characters as it gives an understanding of their circumstances

Existentialism in Literature and Science - 846 Words

Existentialism is the philosophical approach or theory that emphasizes an individual’s existence as a free and responsible being determining his own development through acts of the will (â€Å"Existentialism†). What does that mean exactly? To make it easier to understand, that means humans as people are shaping their own destinies with every choice they make. That seems quite obvious, but to further understand the meaning of existentialism, it must be analyzed through the impacts it has had on both literature and scientific theories alike. The literary movement of existentialism is seen heavily in Franz Kafka’s The Metamorphosis and Albert Camus’ The Stranger. In The Metamorphosis, the movement of his existentialism is gradual. Gregor Samsa, the protagonist, hates his job and he wishes to be free of all his social suffering. This is seen when he is transformed into a â€Å"monstrous vermin† (Kafka 3). His transformation symbolizes him being f ree of the social afflictions but his human like qualities also fade away and his meaning of life is taken away as well. â€Å"Gregor now hardly ate anything anymore. Only when he accidentally passed the food laid out for him would he take a bite into his mouth just for fun, hold it in for hours, and then mostly spit it out again† (45). After his family abandons him and he is ready to die, there really isn’t a meaning to life by that time. The Metamorphosis emphasizes that one must interact with society in order for there to be a meaning toShow MoreRelatedExistentialism And The Beliefs Of The Movement1454 Words   |  6 PagesPalahniuk that is a good summary of existentialism and the beliefs of the movement. Existentialism was a turning point for society and literature that advocated the expansion of the minds of authors and their readers so we could improve our thinking to be more enlightened and free. The movement sparked much alternative thinking to allow our so ciety to grow into what it is today and without it people would most likely be more close minded and less free. Existentialism was a very influential movement withRead MoreWith Age, We Question Our Lives836 Words   |  3 Pages1992). However, many experts say that his philosophy is a mixture of existentialist and humanism. Most of his works revolved around the philosophy of existentialism, absurdism and humanism. Camus may reject that he is a philosopher but his works have greatly influenced many people and caught the attention of many philosophers and experts in literature. Another factor that makes Camus’ philosophy confusing about life is that he divides his ideas in different works in a non-chronological fashion. CamusRead MoreShakespeares King Lear vs. Tuesdays with Morrie1495 Words   |  6 Pagesï » ¿Existentialism was in part a reaction to modernism, but its roots can be traced to ancient philosophical traditions ranging from Zoroastrianism and Judaism, Buddhism and Platonism (Flynn). The essence of existentialism is authenticity of experience, asking the philosopher to undergo deep introspection. However, existentialism is perhaps most famous for its probing questions about what Friedrich Nietzsche called the tension of the soul, (2). Known colloquially as existential angst, the tensionRead More The Rise and Fall of Existentialism1287 Words   |  6 PagesThe Rise and Fall of Existentialism   Ã‚  Ã‚   Existential literature often focuses on the personal journey towards existential awareness. Common themes in existential works, such as alienation and confrontation with death, often lead the anti-hero towards a climactic choice that defines whether they have reached true understanding. The themes within existential literature are reflected from the world at large, and the works themselves are a metaphor for a grander shift in Western philosophy. Read More My Philosophy of Education Essay603 Words   |  3 Pageseducation: Perennialism, Progressivism, Essentialism and Existentialism. The results of my philosophy of education module showed that I am very eclectic, with the strongest attributes being in Progressivism and Essentialism. My lowest attribute in the module was Existentialism. Let’s study each of the schools and my relation to them in the order that they were scored in my module: Progressivism, Essentialism, Perennialism and Existentialism. Progressivism focuses on the idea that the focusRead MoreTranscendentalism, Realism, Naturalism, And Existentialism- Shaped The Advancement Of American Literature1486 Words   |  6 PagesTranscendentalism, Realism, Naturalism, and Existentialism- shaped the advancement of American literature. They were considered to be theoretical and political philosophies which held important positions in the development of modern literature. The original authors, Ralph Waldo Emerson, Mark Twain, Lawrence Sargent Hall, and Jerome David Salinger, presented works inspiring new perspectives and social outlooks upon reality and it’s offerings. Through characterizing the progress of the philosophiesRead MoreLiterary Theories And Literary Criticism1318 Words   |  6 Pagestheories and literary criticism New Historicism 1. †¢ It is a literary theory based on the criticism of Stephen Greenblatt and philosophy Michel Foucault. †¢ It states that literature should be studied and interpreted in context with the author’s history as well as the history of the critic. †¢ Acknowledges that the author’s literature is influenced by his/her situations or surroundings. †¢ The critic’s response is also influenced by his/her surroundings, beliefs, values and prejudices. †¢ Shows how theRead MoreEssay Existentialism1050 Words   |  5 PagesExistentialism Existentialism refers to the philosophical movement or tendency of the nineteenth and twentyth centuries. Because of the diversity of positions associated with existentialism, a precise definition is impossible; however, it suggests one major theme: a stress on individual existence and, consequently, on subjectivity, individual freedom, and choice {3}. Existentialism also refers to a family of philosophies devoted to an interpretation of human existence in the world thatRead More Philosophy Essay986 Words   |  4 Pageseducation philosophy: Each of the major philosophical approaches to education has merit. However, to strictly employ only one philosophy is limiting and hampers all possibility for improvement. Essentialism, progressivism, perennialism, and existentialism all contribute valid ideas to the teaching profession. I will choose to use aspects of each in varying degrees as is appropriate to different students and situations. Gardners theory of multiple intelligences must be considered when planningRead MoreNietzsche s Philosophy On Personal Life And Education1200 Words   |  5 PagesFriedrich Nietzsche was a German, writer, poet, thinker and philopher. He was renowned for his ideas on the end of religion, existentialism and the concept of good and evil. Nietzsche focused essentially on the end of religion. He once declared that â€Å"God is dead†, a statement that decidedly defied Christianity as well as morality. According to the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, he was rapt in the development of â€Å"individual and cultural health, and believed in life, creativity, power, and down-to-earth

Nanomedicine The Field Of Nanotechnology Biology Essay Example For Students

Nanomedicine The Field Of Nanotechnology Biology Essay Nanomedicine is a broad field of nanotechnology which involves about all Fieldss of scientific discipline like nanoscience, nanoelectronics, nanophysics, nanoengineering and many more. By and large we can state that it is the practical application or the medical application of different stuffs at nanoscale to several nanoelectronic devices. These devices can be used in different applications of medical interventions. Current promotions shows that perchance these nano devices will convey radical alterations in the field of molecular nanotechnology. The current job to the application of nanomedicine based devices is the toxicity and the impact of nano atoms on both the life existences and environment. Nano atoms have been designed for intervention of different diseases like malignant neoplastic disease, angiogenesis etc. But the job is the manner of bringing of these atoms to the organic structure of patient as it s hard to manage these atoms due to highly little size. Nanotechnology i s demoing such a rapid promotions that allows the merger of multiple curative, feeling and aiming agents with a scope of 1-1000 nanometers. By the oncologic point these agents give new hope for the all: The applications of nanomedicine methodological analysiss and atoms for the intervention for diseases like malignant neoplastic disease are more advantageous than the typical medical specialties and conventional medical interventions. Till clip more than 20 nanomedical curative methods have been approved by FDA. These new methods for nanoengineered stuffs are supposed to give the upper limit expected consequences. In this context the chief issue is the bringing of atom to the specified country. For this purpose different methods are adopted in the lab and are found to be rather dependable. To present these atoms inside the human organic structure seems to be easy but it s non every bit easy as considered. Bing active, if these atoms can damage affected cells so, these can damage the healthy cells every bit good. Second the size of these atoms besides matter. More over the issues sing the form and response of atoms toward different cells can non be neglected. Al these factors, someway, impact the efficiency of the nano atoms. So, if these issues are controlled, one can easy do nanomedicine more utile than any ordinary technique. Outline1 Delivery of nanomedicine into the organic structure:2 1: Drug design:3 2: Drug bringing:4 Nanoparticles used for drug bringing:5 Use of C nanotubes in drug bringing:6 Image of involute sheets of hexagons , , 7 Use of nanorobotics in nanotechnology:8 Pharmacokineticss, pharmacodynamicsand nanoparticles:9 Barriers to the nanoparticle distribution:10 Factors impacting the efficaciousness of nanomedicine:11 Consequence of size on the efficiency of nanomedicine:12 Size13 ABSORPTION OF PROTEIN14 Consequence of the form and nucleus of nanoparticle:15 Schemes to better bringing:16 Decisions: Delivery of nanomedicine into the organic structure: Nanotechnology is conveying the revolutions in about all countries or the medical scientific discipline. All the researches in the field of nano medical specialty are demoing in full inside informations that how the diseases are being produced in the human organic structure and what could be the best manner of intervention. It besides explores the in-depth working of organic structure every bit good as the development of disease. To do it utile in the field of medical specialty, it besides requires to the development of new stuffs and new coevalss of medical nanomaterials. It is a fact that nanotechnology can be applied to about all types of stuffs and surfaces that show new belongingss of nanoscale. Harmonizing to the all medical demands drugs are being designed and delivered to the organic structure by controlled and specified ways. Two things are really of import in the field of nanomedicine: Drug design Drug bringing 1: Drug design: Planing the drug is undergoing the radical alterations by increased cognition. The survey of biological interact of drugs with the organic structure is immensely increased. Many new coevalss of drugs are being designed and tested every twenty-four hours. The coevals of new drugs gain much importance and specificity due to their complex constructions. The complexness of their constructions forces the research workers to work more and look into as many possible applications of drug by doing it bioactive molecule. They besides modify the construction and procedure of fabricating so that it s more utile and bring forth least byproducts. This is largely done by use and technology of enzymes inside the organic structure that promote natural production of these molecules. Nano engineering and more specifically nanomedicine are assisting a batch in understanding the mechanism of drug development and its manner of action. , drugdeliverytwo.jpg 2: Drug bringing: Along with the development of active bio molecules a batch of research is done on the ways and agencies of drug bringing. It includes the methods for exact location of the drug where it is needed and the accurate sum of dosage. Nanoscience and nanotechnology aids in understanding both the method of working and the location of intended drug bringing site. There are different vectors which can aim a specific site like viruses that target a drug or cistron to a peculiar type of cell or tissue. It can besides specify the ways of drug activation when it reaches the needed site by the aid of ultrasounds, light or magnetic Fieldss. Many current drug bringing systems are leftovers of old drug bringing systems that were in nanometer scope. Examples for these are liposomes, polymeric micelles, dendrimers and nano crystals. Different old methods applied for drug bringing are still applicable to some extent. These methods are utile in some instances. Some of these methods are: CONCEPTS OF FITNESS AND WELLNESS EssayEpithelium Blood Immune system Lymph nodes lymph vass Reticuloendothelial system Extravasation The basic ground of the barrier is the size of nanoparticles and secondly the form of atoms. These two factors are needed to be considered carefully before presenting the nanoparticle based medical specialties. , Factors impacting the efficaciousness of nanomedicine: Different factors affect the efficiency of nanoparticles. These include the size, form, chemical nature and many other factors. But as we are covering at nano graduated table so the size and form of the atoms have a great consequence on the efficiency of the drug. Consequence of size on the efficiency of nanomedicine: Body immune system has different barriers for the invaded atoms and this is the most ambitious country for the drug bringing. Clearance of the polymeric nanoparticles and bio-distribution are unusually affected by the size of nanoparticles. For illustration if the diseased organ has to be medicated by nanoparticle based medical specialty so the bio-distribution is improved in the tissue by commanding he size and inactive EPR and ligand functionalization. If the atom size is little the accretion of atom inside the tissue is increased every bit good as the diffusion of medical specialty. If we take the illustration of liver and lien, these parts can be cleared by different procedures like hepatic filtration and phagocytic consumption. The circulation is improved by maintaining the atom size a†°Ã‚ ¤100nm. In kidneys the atoms need to be cleared by elimination and the circulation is improved by more than half if the is a†°?10 nanometer. Other barriers like hormonal arm and mucosal barriers are besides controlled by commanding the motion of atoms. These barriers are overcome by the nanoparticles due to their alone characters and size. This is found to be true particularly in the instance of unnatural neovascularization. Blood vass are composed by endothelium which is of three types: Continuous endothelial morphology in arterias and vass Contrast fenestrated endothelium in secretory organs and kidneys ( pores of about 60nm ) Discontinuous endothelium in liver ( fenestrae of 50-100nm ) For the intervention of angiogenesis enhanced permeableness and keeping ( EPR ) allows diffusion and accretion of nano atoms inside the tissue. The size bound of atom is 400nm. If we discuss the physiological parametric quantities like kidney extraction, surface composing, hepatic filtration and others the atom size is a cardinal factor responsible for the bio-distribution or medical specialty and medicine efficiency. , Intake of polystyrene nanoparticles is favoured at a temperature of 37a µÃ¢â‚¬â„¢ to 4a µÃ¢â‚¬â„¢C if the size is between 50nmand 500nm. Similarly the protein soaking up shows a singular alteration with the alteration in size. Its fluctuation is as follows: Size ABSORPTION OF PROTEIN a†°Ã‚ ¤100nm Less 100_200nm Moderate More than 200nm More I In short it is observed that the atoms with size smaller than 100nm show less soaking up of proteins that s why they are less immune to the blood flow and remain in the blood for a long clip. Consequence of the form and nucleus of nanoparticle: Along with size the form of atom is besides an of import factor of drug bringing and efficiency. Spherical shaped atoms show minimal opposition and can spread easier than any other shape.Shape is conditional to the type of stuff used for medicine every bit good as type of nanoparticle being applied. In instance of polymer based nanoparticles forms are different and their efficaciousness is defined harmonizing to the interaction of accretion and diffusion site and the stuff used. In this regard bio-distribution of stealing poly beta-amino ester nanoparticle and poly caprolactone atoms with the same size gives a good thought of form and nucleus consequence. Size of both scopes from 100-200nm but the accretion of both is different.Shape of curative nanoparticles plays a important function in extravasation and interstitial conveyance. On the one manus, it has been shown that cationic nanoparticles preferentially aim tumour endothelial cells and exhibit a higher vascular permeableness com pared with their impersonal or anionic opposite numbers. On the other manus, impersonal nanoparticles diffuse faster and administer more homogeneously inside the tumour interstitial infinite than cationic and anionic atoms, because the latter signifier sums with negatively charged ( for illustration, hyaluronan ) or positively charged ( for illustration, collagen ) matrix molecules.A As far as the atom form is concerned, surveies have shown that supermolecules with additive, semi-flexible constellations diffuse more expeditiously in the interstitial matrix than do comparable sized, stiff spherical atoms. , , , , Schemes to better bringing: From the treatment above it could be concluded that the drug bringing could be more targeted, specified, less toxic, more biocompatible and safe, fast development of medical specialty by the usage of nanotechnological particularly nanomedicine methodological analysiss. The schemes of drug bringing are concentrating on the enhance drug bringing peculiarly action on tumor by increasing the efficiency of vascular web. Schemes are to do nanoparticles perforate faster and more easy. , , , Decisions: The invention of nanotechnology is one of the greatest accomplishments of this century and usage of this engineering in medical specialty has revolutionized the full biomedicine industry. As a field of quickly developing there are a batch of concern involvements as well.Apart from this, we are still contending against some diseases like AIDS, Cancer etc. and every twelvemonth they cost a batch of lives around the universe. Again intervention of these diseases are truly expensiveand people particularly form 3rd universe states are non able to afford the cost of interventions. Here, nanomedicine can play a really of import function by supplying cost effectual methods of intervention. But we should besides see some other issues including impact of nanomaterials on our environment. We have plentifulness of things to make on those issues before doing nano-drug widely available to the mass people. , ,

Understanding the Lord’s Prayer free essay sample

Understanding the Lord’s Prayer â€Å"Our Father in heaven, hallowed be your name. Your kingdom come, your will be done, on earth as it is in heaven. Give us today our daily bread. Forgive us our debts, as we also have forgiven our debtors. And lead us not into temptation but deliver us from the evil one† (Matthew 6:9-13). Most people, religious or not, are familiar with this prayer. Some call it a prayer, some call it a chant, and some call it a meaningless set of words. No matter what the opinion is regarding the prayer, breaking it down can be thought provoking and difficult to fully understand. On the surface it is very simple, but below the surface the words have very deep theological implications. According to the New International Version Bible, Jesus said in Matthew 6:9, â€Å"This, then, is how you should pray. † However, a problem arises out of this interpretation. The actual Greek to English translation is â€Å"Make your prayers go like this. † In other words, the prayer is actually a template of how prayers should go (Rhodes). Often, the prayer is mistaken for something that should be recited word for word. It is not wrong to recite the prayer verbatim, however, God did not intend for people to recite the words as a meaningless ritual. Praying using Jesus’ template shows the following way to form prayers: To acknowledge who God is, to pray for his work to be done on earth, to ask for what is needed, to ask for forgiveness, and lastly, to ask for a way to deal with temptation and opposition (Rhodes). The words â€Å"Our Father,† in Matthew 6:9 are two of the most powerful words in the prayer. The definition of the word â€Å"Our† is: â€Å"Belonging to or associated with more than one person† (www. oogle. com). The body of Christ is a group of believers that are brothers and sisters in Christ. The first word â€Å"Our† suggests being a part of this body of Christ (Ruffin). The second word â€Å"Father† is the one whom is being addressed. A prayer should always start by recognizing that the Lord our God is the one being prayed to, but God also wan ts to be approached as a child approaches their loving father (Pastor Mike) because God desires intimacy (AllDeaf. com). God wants to be addressed as â€Å"Father† out of love and humility (Pastor Mike). The child needs to recognize their position as so, and God’s position as Father. â€Å"Hallowed be your name† (Matthew 6:9). This portion is acknowledging God’s worthiness and greatness (Ruffin) because â€Å"Hallowed† literally means: â€Å"To make holy† or â€Å"To demonstrate as holy. † When praying the words â€Å"Hallowed be your name,† it is praising His holy and worthy name. God is not a buddy or friend whom should be carelessly addressed, but neither is He distant (Pastor Mike). This concept is loosely related to why God is addressed as Father. Your kingdom come, your will be done, on earth as it is in heaven† (Matthew 6:10). This section of the template is praying for God’s work on earth (Rhodes). The word’s â€Å"Your kingdom come,† is praying for the Lord’s guidance (Ruffin) on behalf of God’s kingdom (AllDeaf. com) to do everything unto the Lord. â€Å"Your will be done, on earth as it is in heaven,† is declaring that God is really in charge of everything. The word â€Å"Will† means the same as â€Å"Desire,† so praying for God’s will to be done is also praying for all the God desires to be done (Pastor Mike). These words are also asking the Lord to take over so that His children can operate by His answers and not their own because the key words is â€Å"Your will be done,† not â€Å"Our will be done† (Ruffin). â€Å"Give us today our daily bread† (Matthew 6:11). These words are asking for God to provide what is needed in order to sustain spiritual and daily needs (Ruffin). God may not give everything that is wanted, but he gives everything that is truly needed because God cares for His children. This line also points back to when God was leading His people out of Egypt and every morning He gave them enough manna to last through the day. God did not give them more than one day’s worth of manna, however, so that they would continue to rely on Him to provide (Pastor Mike). That is why the prayer is not, â€Å"Give us this week our weekly bread. † The prayer is â€Å"Give us today our daily bread,† so that God is continually relied on to provide. â€Å"And forgive us our debts, as we also have forgiven our debtors† (Matthew 6:12). Forgiveness is surrender (AllDeaf. com); God does not want His children to carry their own weight. That is why He created prayer. God created His children in His image, so as a forgiving God, His children must also be forgiving. In doing so, it shows love to one another and Christ. On the surface, it cannot get more straight forward than asking God to forgive sins, but below the surface something that is not so straight forward is the concept of fairness. Nowhere else in the bible does God talk about fairness. Looking at the verse the words, â€Å"Forgive us our debts,† is not the only thing that is said. It is phrased as a condition. It says, â€Å"Forgive us our debts, as we also have forgiven our debtors. † Meaning God will forgive the sins of His children, if His children forgive each other. And lead us not into temptation, but deliver us from the evil one† (Matthew 6:13). This is the section of the template asking for a way to deal with temptation and opposition (Rhodes). This is asking the Lord to carry away the evil, and anything that represents evil. God wants His children to pray this, so they won’t succumb to the evil temptations of the world. Some people believe as thoug h sin is the cause of the fall, but really sin is just the victim of temptation. Temptation is the true culprit, because that is what leads God’s children into sin. â€Å"Our Father in heaven, hallowed be your name. Your kingdom come, your will be done, on earth as it is in heaven. Give us today our daily bread. Forgive us our debts, as we also have forgiven our debtors. And lead us not into temptation but deliver us from the evil one† (Matthew 6:9-13). Some call it a prayer, some call it a chant, and some call it a meaningless set of words. Most people, religious or not, are familiar with this prayer, but the body of Christ lives and breathes this prayer. Repeat it and it becomes a meaningless ritual (Rhodes), pray the words and it becomes the foundation to the relationship shared with Christ.

An Assessment of the Profession of Arms free essay sample

What does it mean to be a professional? A professional is defined as a qualified and experienced person in a work environment that conforms to the standards of skill, with competence and character. After nearly a decade of war the Army has decided to focus on creating professionals rather than just creating warriors. Leaders have realized the importance of being a professional and want to ensure that every soldier and civilian member of the Army understands the same importance. Therefore, the Army has begun implementing the Profession of Arms. The Army is an American Profession of Arms, a vocation comprised of experts certified in the ethical applications of lethal land combat power, serving under civilian authority, entrusted to defend the constitution and rights and interest of the American People† (Gen. Casey, 2010). After reading General Casey’s statement on what it means to be a Profession of Arms I realize the importance of ensuring that the traditions and values o f the Army are upheld well beyond war. We will write a custom essay sample on An Assessment of the Profession of Arms or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page It is essential for the Army to develop itself as a profession. By developing professionals the Army is ensuring that service members have leaders with expert knowledge and ethical behaviors. Unlike other professions the Army is based on unique fields of expertise and demonstrated competencies. Even though, the Army is structured differently from civilian careers it is still imperative that soldiers have character and skills that will transfer into the civilian sector. By adapting to a Profession of Arms the military has began preparing for the next phase; a phase that may be different from a war environment. Ethics is the study of moral standards and how they affect conduct. The Profession of Arms mentality will teach soldiers of all ranks to conduct a self assessment and transform into a trained expert with high ethical values. By transforming the warrior into the expert the military is ensuring that ethical values are maintained. It is important that soldiers have ethical values because their duties have an unlimited liability. Soldiers have an unlimited liability because they have taken an oath which ultimately places his or her life on the line. This sacrifice may increase the odds of a soldier participating in unethical situations. When an American citizen sees a soldier in uniform they will formulate their opinions of the military based off of that one soldier. I believe that if a soldier possesses character they are motivated intrinsically and will benefit the Army as a professional by upholding its ethical values. The Army is a way of life; a culture designed to understand, embrace, and demonstrate its understanding. Throughout the entire existence of the Army its culture has been based on elements such as oaths, creeds, the Warrior Ethos and the Army Values. The elements of the Army’s culture are the basis for ethical conduct. Soldiers have been taught to uphold and live by the Army Values but they have not necessarily been taught to remain a professional while upholding these standards. By instilling ethical and moral value into the professional soldier the military is ensuring that all soldiers, even lower level soldiers, are able to make complex and tactical decisions for a strategic effect. If the Army has unethical soldiers they risk failure. Failure due to unethical soldiers can have strategically far reaching implications for the Army, our client nation, and international allies. Sergeant Major of the Army Kenneth O. Preston stated that soldiers must be taught professionalism based on science and art. The science of teaching means making certain that military members understand the laws, the Uniformed Code of Military Justice, and all regulations. The Art of teaching soldiers means ensuring that they are able to apply the sciences of being a professional. â€Å"The Art and science of ethically fighting wars and establishing a more just peace using lethal land combat power to uphold and defend the constitution against all enemies foreign and domestic- and to advance our foreign policies abroad† (CAPE, 2010). After listening to Sergeant Major of the Army Preston, I realize the importance of building blocks for educating service members and incorporating the profession of Arms. The expertise of implementing science and art will manifest itself into specific fields of knowledge: the military technical field, the moral and ethical field, the political and cultural field, and the most important field human development. Without Human development, maturity will not be attained and progress will be inevitable. The steps that the key leaders have taken to improve the military are essential. It is critical that the Army be evaluated to ensure that soldiers understand what we have been through over the last decade. To monitor the transformation the Army has created the Center for the Army Profession and Ethics campaign which is known as CAPE. The Army has decided to introduce the Campaign for the Profession of Arms to develop leaders of character and competence required to meet the dynamic challenges of the 21st Century. This campaign is designed to define and reinvigorate what it means to be a professional in the Profession of Arms. As we embark on this mission, we must reflect on the values and traits that define and distinguish us as a unique profession† (LTG Caslen, 2011). After careful review of The Center for the Army Profession and Ethics campaign I noticed several steps that the campaign has taken to reach soldiers of the 21st Century. One of the most crucial steps that I have noticed is the advance in social media. CAPE has realized the importance of sites like Twitter and Facebook and has created links to reach the social networking soldiers. The campaign has also begun to reach soldiers by utilizing the media streaming network YOUTUBE. In the new Army transformation, all of these advances are great steps and will aid in the success of the Professional of Arms. Ultimately, the success of organizations transformation and adapting of the Profession of Arms depends on the commitment of all soldiers and leaders. If soldiers are unable to learn or unwilling to learn, based on the arts and sciences of professionalism the Army will not be able to move past the last decade of war. Our country has placed special trust and confidence in soldiers as individuals and in the Army as an institution to perform our duties. Exemplary duty can achieve a trust relationship with Americans and a high vocational status. The ethical improvement will demonstrate both effective military expertise and the proper employment expertise. The Profession of Arms outlook will bridge the gap between civilian professional and warrior. I’m excited about the implementation of professionalism. I want my soldiers to be able to transform from a warrior to a professional before the end of their military career, this way they are prepared when their obligation is over and are not at a disadvantage. I believe that character and job competence is the only way to surpass the current era of conflict and CAPE will work with officials to strengthen the Army. References Center for the Army Profession and Ethic (2011). Retrieved on July 23, 2011 from http://cape. army. mil/index. html USACAPE1. Army Profession of Arms (FULL) Part 1 of 2. Retrieved on July 23, 2011 from http://www. youtube. com/watch? v=PEjnKJwLrFU USACAPE1. Army Profession of Arms (FULL) Part 2 of 2. Retrieved on July 23, 2011 from http://www. youtube. com/watch? v=GFnRM56Oejkfeature=relmfu

Latino Religions †a Blend of Nationalist and Spiritual Meaning

Latino Religions – a Blend of Nationalist and Spiritual Meaning Free Online Research Papers When asked to define features that seem to be distinctive to Latino religious traditions, there is a list that comes to mind. Firstly, Latino religions have an interesting blend of nationalist and religious meaning applied to their practices and beliefs. For example, the Virgen de Guadalupe has been the symbol of Mexico since the War of Independence. Ever since being credited as an aide to the people in the war, the Virgen has been a strong figure for Mexicans. Eventually she became the official patron saint of Mexico and the Americas. However, at the same time she holds different meaning in a spiritual context. While her role as the patron saint of Mexico and the Americas is recognized by the Catholic Church, she also is believed to provide aide and protection beyond a strictly nationalist identity. The Virgen is also seen as a mother and protector responsible for miracles in daily life, in the home, within the community, or whenever separate from strictly Mexican identity. The veneration of saints such as the Virgen is also something inherently Latino. Saint veneration, most commonly expressed through votive devotion, is homage to God through the mediation of a saint. Latinos feel very strongly about this practice, both going to their place of worship to light candles and most often lighting them at home, too. In order to light these candles in the home, Latinos also generally have altars set up in their residences. These altars are extremely common and are very important to the Latino community. This tradition is mainly in response to the lack of incorporation of Latino aspects of Catholicism into the Anglo-Catholic system as these immigrant communities are growing. Yet another distinctive feature is the emphasis on the suffering and/or oppression aspects of each of their faiths. For example, Mexican-Catholics put great importance on the portrayal of the intense suffering of Jesus within the Passion narrative. By doing this, they are able to rationalize the seemingly unavoidable oppression and suffering experienced by Latino communities wherever they may be. This virtually unavoidable marginalization and persecution of Latino communities almost always leads to community bonding. With Latino communities growing closer together and becoming tighter knit, the already existing emphasis on religion being part of one’s ethnic identity is only magnified. To many, being Mexican simply means being Catholic. Evidence of this connection can be seen with the incorporation of indigenous history in services, celebrations, and traditions. Not only can Aztec dancers be found at many festivals, but many Latinos also visit botanicas, incorporating other traditions like Santeria into their spiritual experience outside of the church. Of course, Latinos also prefer bilingual or Spanish speaking leaders for their services, something some Latinos had the privileged of experiencing and many didn’t. But this ethnic identity goes even further geographically than the botanicas in their neighborhoods. The last and final of the bigger commonalities within Latino religious experience is that of a strong regional identity. Obviously, this comes from the already intense ethnic identity but it is taken a step further. The ethnicity is directly linked back to a home country and village that are reflected on the other side of the border. Latinos tend to create communities in America with the best attempts to reflect their original community from their homeland. By creating this physical region in a transplanted area, Latinos are able to continue to adhere to their strong regional identity and, furthermore, ethnic identity. Each community in the original fatherland was unique, with different patron saints and/or traditions, something that, if it could be transplanted, would help create a comfort zone during a very new and jarring experience upon entering America. Beyond this, many express and act upon the desire to return back to their homeland for spiritual or personal milestones, such as certain festivals or child confirmation. Some are even willing to risk not being able to make it back because they are illegal immigrants. Though all of these traits and traditions are agreed upon by many to be common within the Latino religious experience, it would be a gross generalization of the Latino community. Not only that, it would misrepresent other religious experiences by making each of these aspects seem uniquely Latino. The best way to approach finding out what makes a Latino religion Latino is less about finding a finite list such as this one and checking off each trait for each faith and labeling it Latino if it covers a majority of the traits and traditions. Rather, it would be better to take a quite opposite approach. Firstly, the definition of religion would have to be established and agreed upon before anything else begins. This could take up a whole other paper, so the discussion will, sadly, not be delved into here, but let’s just say the dictionary definition is not the final answer. Secondly, it would need to be decided if the qualifications for a Latino religion would have emphasis on the racial and genetically affected ethnic breakdown of the community. If so, then it’s a simple matter of gathering up statistics regarding demographics and interpreting it for a more mathematical and finite answer. However, I feel that this would probably be the worst cop out ever and would truly miss everything about the emotions and experience of the elusive definition of what a Latino religion is. The best approach, which would (just our luck) be the most difficult approach, would be to somehow observe and document each individual Latino community’s general experience starting with their homeland faith and going through the immigration experience all the way until the present day in their American community. A combination of extensive personal human experience and demographical data would have to be collected in order for this to be done as accurately as possible. The reason why I think this method is best is because I think the personal and spiritual experience of a Latino is the most important factor in their choice of religion. Not only that, but it would further directly influence how that religion would be shaped as far as traits and traditions that may change, be added or removed, or left the same. Using this approach, we aren’t limited to just studying the religion as it is upon the time of discovering that a Latino is biologically Latino. With this information, we are able to create a rough picture of pre-existing religions that changed or remained stoic, religions that merged to create hybrids, and religions that were (more or less) created from the history of Latino evolution. Granted, I also have to accept that there will be generalization to a certain extent since I can in no way find it realistic to even dream about documenting this for each and every individual Latino. I chose the virtually impossible task of trying to document as many communities of Latinos along with a strong number of those who are not part of a Latino community, having experienced less bonding between Latinos and more of assimilation and possible alternate bonding with another non-Latino based community. Even more interesting would be to see if these individuals felt alienated and unsure of their identity. Basically, the answer to this question can’t truly be answered but not just because my approach would require years of research and financing. There is no religion that could ever simply be labeled as Latino. Santeria, one of the religions brought over, is a mix of Latino and African indigenous. If the history of these African religions could be traced back, I’m sure they came from a merge of two or more pre-existing faiths. No sense of identity that anyone claims, whether ethnic, regional, political, etc. can be used to claim any religion because, in all honesty, not one religion is new, original, or separate from the other, much like trying to find an actor not six degrees away from Kevin Bacon. Even Anglo-Catholicism is not truly Anglo tracing back into its history. Latinos cannot create a religion (hybrid or ‘original’) that is exclusive to only them, nor can they take a pre-existing religion and simply throw Latino in front of it and claim any ownership to it. Sadly, the idea that there is any sense of ownership of religion does exist no matter how 100% false that claim is. This study would not give us an answer of whether a religion is Latino or not because that simply can’t be done. The best way I can think to explain this (and maybe it’s only because I’ve been studying for this final lately) is by comparing it to plate tectonics. There are two separate plates, one being Latino community and its current faith, the other representing whatever separate community and faith they are about to encounter. The basic premise of this scenario would be to gather any and all information about each separate plate so that we can properly predict and/or analyze the impending collision. Many scenarios would arise. The Latino plate could prove to be weaker, being forced under by the other plate, with only scattered (yet explosive) uprising magmatic traditions that couldn’t fully be coerced out of them, similar to the Anglo vs. Mexican Catholic experience. Or, the Latino plate could prove stronger and, instead, overtake the other plate, causing the opposite results, something I would personally love to see and hesitantly say could be the impending future of the Catholic church in America. The plates could also, rather than face each other head on, take on a transverse boundary, in which the Latino plate and the other plate violently rub together, causing intense heat, friction, and earthquakes all around the area. While they are not dramatically overtaking each other or drastically reshaping the weaker, they are interacting with each other abrasively where they meet, having effect on each other beyond just where they interact. This is still a situation of give and take, where the rocks actually rubbing at the boundary are mixing and switching in a tense manner. I find this to be most like the tension between the Protestant and Catholic churches, but specifically in the context of Latino conversion where the evangelicals and Catholic power-houses are struggling to keep what they have while also trying to acquire more of the Latinos in the vulnerable or soul-searching state that puts them in this boundary danger zone. Finally, there is the divergent zone, in which is where the two plates are moving away from each other. This is due to the combination of pull and push forces, something that should sound familiar to those who listened to the lectures. The pull force is coming from the other side of the plates that are partaking in the subduction or overtaking of another plate, causing them these two plates to pull away from each other. The push force is coming from the uprising of new magma between the two plates, creating new portions of each plate. This new material not only helps with growth and movement of the plates, but it’s also interesting that two different plates are now made of very similar (if not identical) matter at this boundary. This boundary is harder to put into context though it provides quite an interesting scenario. I would try and think of it as similar to a more relatively current situation in which Protestantism and Catholicism in Mexico have come to exist in each other’s space. They seem to just so sweetly and Christ-like naturally repel each other and desire great distance between them, in a general sense. Granted, Catholicism came ‘first’ and so instead of an even migration, the Protestant plate would be moving far faster and greater as they see the appeal of acceptance in America (pull force) and are virtually unwelcome in Mexico by Catholics (push force). Catholicism would remain more stagnant or, at least, be moving at a slower rate in the other direction. What’s most interesting, however, is what this ‘new’ material that is rising up will be. Could it represent the already clear open-minded and friendlier acceptance of Protestantism that can be fou nd in Mexican cities and villages near the border? Or is there something new on the horizon that we have yet to see? The one thing plate boundaries don’t cover is the existence of two plates that amiably live in the vicinity of each other. This is because not one single inch of a plate boundary isn’t interacting with another boundary. Call me a cynic, but there will never be a situation in which humans will interact in a 100% non-violent or abrasive manner, even if they try their best not to. Religion, like plates, will never stop interacting or changing and not one religion comes out fully unchanged. So, the answer to the question is clearly not here. Instead, I think the question to ask here is broad and consisting of many layers. Considering the consensus that religions are not own-able or entitled to anyone, how does the personal and community experience of Latinos shape the way in which Latino communities and individuals react with other religious experiences they encounter? Do certain similar experiences (boundary types) correlate with similar outcomes (boundary types)? What does this tell us about the nature of Latino practices and traditions, such as why certain traits or traditions are less tightly held on to or how these dynamics lead to a winner in the power struggle? And, of course, in return, we can ask all these questions in regards to whatever religious experience our other plate may represent. Research Papers on Latino Religions - a Blend of Nationalist and Spiritual MeaningAssess the importance of Nationalism 1815-1850 EuropeHip-Hop is ArtQuebec and CanadaCanaanite Influence on the Early Israelite ReligionAnalysis Of A Cosmetics AdvertisementThe Effects of Illegal ImmigrationRelationship between Media Coverage and Social andAppeasement Policy Towards the Outbreak of World War 2Comparison: Letter from Birmingham and CritoDefinition of Export Quotas

FBI - White collar crimes Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

FBI - White collar crimes - Essay Example The main role of the FBI is investigation of criminal activities that are assigned to it. This incorporates intelligence and law enforcement initiatives from the agency. Another role of the FBI is collaboration with other law enforcement agencies in investigative measures in which it helps with evidence examinations, and in empowering members of the other agencies through trainings. In facilitating its investigative role and collaborative role with other agencies, the FBI collects intelligence information, analyses the data and shares it with relevant authorities (The Federal Bureau of Investigations 1). As a special agency, however, the role of the FBI under domestic jurisdiction is limited to â€Å"white-collar crimes, kidnapping, extortion, interstate transportation of stolen property, and bank robbery† among others (Gaines and Miller 156). White-collar crimes are crimes that professionals commit in their course of duty with intent of obtaining material benefits of concealing some information with the aim of avoiding a consequence. Elements such as â€Å"deceit, concealment,† breach of trust characterize it (Ferguson 16). White-collar crimes are also free from use of violence or threat of violence and often aim at receipt of money of commodities of avoiding material liabilities (Ferguson 16). The FBI investigates these crimes to ensure evidence towards justice and its special intelligence is essential to the type of crimes that intellectuals commit through well-crafted schemes that sometimes incorporate intelligence and use of technology to cover up the criminal activities. The Enron case is an example of white-collar crimes that the FBI has investigated. The case involved a series of fraudulent misrepresentation by the firm on its financial position and collaboration with the organization’s accounting fi rm for concealment of the misrepresentations and for further misrepresentations. This led to losses among investors as officials of the company

British museum Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

British museum - Essay Example This museum has the greatest collections of human cultural history and its main objectives include becoming a museum of the world for the world, providing services to the curious and the studious and collecting culture for the benefit of the entire world (Williams, 2013). To this end, this essay focuses on the issues that affect the British Museum operations. Particularly, the essay focuses on the cultural issues affecting the British Museum operations and the cultural impacts of the museum to the British culture. Cultural Issues affecting the British Museum British Museum, like other museums, faces numerous cultural challenges that affect its day-to-day operations. To begin with, Jenkins (2008) points out that the issue of handling human bodies in the museums is a cultural affair that is largely affecting the operations of the British Museum. Many museums have collections of human remains that aid in scientific research. However, the presence and the handling of these remains in the museums raise numerous cultural questions. According to Musiol (2013), displaying or exhibiting human remains in modern day museums leads to the emergence of new challenges relating to the ethics and morality of the museum professionals and stakeholders. In the UK, the Human Tissue Act 2004 regulates the display of human remains that are less than 100 years old in the British museums. Nonetheless, this regulation has minimal impacts on museum collections in the UK as it provides some museums with the freedom to exhibit human remains that are less than 1000 years old (Jenkins, 2008). The UK DCMS has a publication â€Å"Guidance for the Care of Human Remains in Museums† that provides museums with guidelines on how to handle human remains. In line with these guidelines, museums in the UK cannot display human remains if these remains have no significant contribution to a particular interpretation. All these restrictions are affecting the display of human remains in the British M useum. To counter these negative effects, the British Museum has created its own policies regarding the display of human remains. In its policies, the British Museum is protesting against the regulations of displaying human remains in the museums claiming that it was among the nine museums given the freedom to display human remains that are less than 1000 years old (Jenkins, 2008). The other cultural issues affecting the operations of the British Museum result from controversies. Selim (2011) is of the opinion that a collection of historical artifacts that hold great cultural significance cannot exist without controversy. There have been several controversies with negative impacts on the operations of the British Museum. One of these controversies revolves around the Parthenon sculptures from the ancient Greek. The Parthenon sculptures are decorative art works that were found in the Parthenon; they represent the cultural artwork of the ancient Greek. The members of the public have t he misconception that all the sculptures from the Parthenon are in the British Museum. This misconception affects the operations of the British Museum negatively as numerous individuals visit the museum with the intention of viewing these sculptures only to be disappointed by the fact that half of these sculptures are lost and the remaining ones are found in museums of six different

Creating a Business & capitalism Doubled spaced that equals five pages Essay

Creating a Business & capitalism Doubled spaced that equals five pages - Essay Example This research paper focuses on capitalism as an economic system and its effects. The types of capitalism and their advantages are also tackled in this document. As a business owner-owning a beauty parlor, critical analysis of how I can use my privately owned business and utilize capitalism to make the world a better place is discussed in details. Also, contained in this paper are the possible disadvantages of capitalists in case it is inappropriately practiced. Capitalism is an industrial term used to describe an economic system in which the centers of production, trade and industry are owned and operated by private individuals and not the state. All business operations regarding production, distribution and management are entirely carried out by individuals and private sectors. In capitalism systems, the government’s role is the provision of security, both internally and externally and solving disputes through a court of justice in the case of any disagreements in business terms. Other business activities including price determination of goods and services are typically determined by parties involved in the transactions. The degree of capitalism varies from state to state depending on the laws and regulations of the country. There are different types of capitalism. The existence of capitalism varies according to the region or country’s economic policies. Types of capitalism include mercantilism, free-market economy, social-market economy, state capitalism where the state is in power of production and distribution of goods and services for profit-making purposes, corporate capitalism and mixed economy. There are other minor variants of capitalism including crony capitalism. Crony capitalism describes a type of economy in which the success of a business lies in the relationship between business owners and governmental officials. Crony capitalism

The Belief In Miracles Philosophy Essay

The Belief In Miracles Philosophy Essay I will proceed in the following way: First, I will respond to Humes charges against the belief in miracles. Then, I will present conditions that, if met, would justify a belief that a miracle has occured. The arguments against miracles in Humes work can be divided into three categories. The first arguments attack the coherence, or intelligibility, of the concept of the miraculous. The second accept, for the sake of argument, that the concept is coherent, but target the plausibility of miracles, arguing there could never be sufficient evidence for believing in a miracle. The third attacks the reliability of the reports of those who claim to have witnessed miraculous events. This paper shall concern the first two arguments but not the last, because I cannot disagree with Hume that historically, the evidence for miracles has indeed been remarkably weak. Additionally, I would like to take this opportunity to further clarify what I am not trying to prove. I do not contend that there ever has been a miracle, nor that the things commonly considered evidence for miracles are evidence at all. What I do contend is that given certain conditions, the most rational explanation for an event could be that it was a miracle. A miracle may be accurately defined, says Hume, a transgression of a law of nature by a particular volition of the deity, or by the interposition of some invisible agent. Note that there are two conditions set out in this definition. First, a miracle presents as an exception to the established laws of nature. But that is not all; an events exceptionality is not enough to warrant it miracle status. The exception must be attributable to some sort of supernatural interference with the laws of nature. Thus, we may paraphrase Humes definition as the following: A miracle is a violation, enacted by a supernatural agent, of the laws of nature. This is how Hume defines it, and accordingly, this is the conception I shall use in my refutation of Hume. The first charge I shall address is the charge of unintelligibility, or incoherence. It is Humes most ambitious argument against miracles. However, what exactly Hume meant by this charge is the subject of debate. The first view to be considered is Anthony Flews. He interprets the argument as the following simple argument: Laws cannot have exceptions. The definition of a miracle is an exception to the laws of nature. Therefore, miracles cannot exist. But this argument is unsound, specifically at the second premise. Miracles are not just exceptions according to Hume, but violations, the result of supernatural interference with nature ¿Ã‚ ½s normal course. The laws of nature cite relations of natural causes to their effects, not supernatural causes to their effects. In other words, the supernatural is beyond the proper subject matter of natural laws. Accordingly, it would be unreasonable to expect for the laws of nature to account for miracles, which are events caused by the supernatural. So because miracles are caused by forces external to the natural realm, and because natural laws describe only those causes within the natural realm, miracles present no problem for our acceptance of the laws of nature. We may accept the laws of nature as accurate descriptions of the natural world as it usually functions. What would be incoherent is an internal exception, that is, a natural exception to the laws of nature. But of course, Hume ¿Ã‚ ½s miracles are not of that nature. The second interpretation of Hume ¿Ã‚ ½s argument connects the charge of incoherence to Hume ¿Ã‚ ½s particular conception of lawhood. Hume ¿Ã‚ ½s conception of the laws of nature is one that places strict checks on the use of the natural-supernatural distinction. It claims that we form our ideas of natural laws based on all the evidence, exceptional events included. Thus, there can be no clear way of distinguishing what is a natural event from what is supposedly supernatural. As Hume ¿Ã‚ ½s natural laws encapsulate all observed events, there is no basis for saying that some events are miracles that should be excluded from the scope of these laws, but be instead placed in a conveniently created supernatural realm, as we do when we label them miracles. To respond to this argument, one need only point out that it is not free from some quite substantive assumptions about lawhood. It attaches the charge of unintelligibility of miracles to a particular and narrowly defined view of lawhood, substantially limiting the argument ¿Ã‚ ½s scope, and likewise weakening it. There are other theories of lawhood, such as the Naturalness theory of laws, which have no problem excluding anomalous events from the explanatory scope of natural laws. (Lierse, 19__) Thus, this charge of Hume ¿Ã‚ ½s is not one of unintelligibility or incoherence, but a charge of incompatibility with a particular conception of lawhood. And of course, that two ideas are incompatible is just as much a problem with either one the two as it is with the other one. So why see this incompatibility as a problem with the concept of miracles when we can easily construe it as a problem with Hume ¿Ã‚ ½s theory of lawhood? The charge against Hume ¿Ã‚ ½s theory of lawhood being t hat it clashes with the intuitive idea of a miracle. The claim that miracles are incoherent is, therefore, unfounded. Now for Hume ¿Ã‚ ½s second charge. He argues that given the vast body of empirical evidence that has established the laws of nature as laws, it would be impossible to have comparable evidence supporting a miracle claim. In other words, the fact that any law of nature is a law means that, in our experience, it has never been violated, so any claim that a law has been violated is in direct contradiction to a vast body of evidence. Thus regardless of how trust-worthy a person reporting a miracle may be, that report cannot possibly be more likely to be true than false. As a result, Hume argues, it is never reasonable to accept reports of miracles. What this argument tries to do is pit the evidence in support of a miraculous occurrence against the evidence for the laws of nature. But in truth, the two do not negate each other. When we label an event that violates a law of nature  ¿Ã‚ ½a miracle ¿Ã‚ ½, we are not contradicting a law of nature, but in a way defending it; we are protecting the law ¿Ã‚ ½s integrity. An anomalous event would seem to challenge the law it violated, but not if that event is a miracle. If the event is a miracle it is no longer counter-evidence to the law, because the law is not expected to account for it in the first place, as it has a supernatural cause. So we may continue to claim there have been no observed natural events that have contradicted the law, and therefore, we may conclude the law still stands. As an example, imagine there were a 2000 year old monk living somewhere up in the mountains of Tibet. The law of nature that all humans are mortal would seem contradicted. But if the monk ¿Ã ‚ ½s extraordinarily long life is a miracle, then his longevity is ultimately the effect of some supernatural force interfering with his natural life-span. We could argue the law of human mortality, correctly construed, only applies to people whose lives have not been interfered with by the supernatural, and accordingly, it is fully coherent to suppose that interference by a supernatural force could cause the law of human mortality to be violated. Just like the law of human mortality, other laws of nature can also be protected from perceived counter-instances in this way. By appealing to the supernatural, laws can be saved from apparent counter-evidence. Of course, there are other ways to explain anomalous events without appealing to the miraculous. There seem to be three other options: we can dismiss the evidence for the event, we can posit another law as the cause, or we can modify the law to accommodate the anomalous event. In order to demonstrate that miracles are possible, it must be shown that a miracle could be the best explanation available in certain circumstances. And that is what I shall demonstrate in what follows. I begin with an admission. In explaining an apparent violation of a law of nature as a miracle, all other explanations must first be completely ruled out. This is because if we accept that a miracle happened, it may pose a challenge to the coherence of our established beliefs. If we accept a miraculous explanation for an event, then we are accepting that a supernatural power exists, and not only exists, but also interferes with the natural world. This may lie in contradiction to our established beliefs about such matters, and this threat to coherence may very well be considered evidence against a miracle claim. However, a miracle may nevertheless be the best explanation available for certain events, because all other explanations may in fact be impossible. This can occur when a number of conditions are met. The first condition is repetition. If an event is only reported once, even if the only reasonable explanation is the miraculous, we still might reject the report as evidence. This is because no matter how convincing the evidence may seem, we are aware that our track-record for assessing the reliability of evidence is weak, and we can deny that a miracle has in fact occurred on those grounds alone. But if an event is reliably reported to have been repeated enough times, and by enough people, this concern is taken care of. The more the event is reliably reported to have occurred, the more difficult it becomes to deny that the event has taken place. Consider the following example. Suppose there were reports that Tom Cruise could cure cancer with his mind. And not just individual reports, but double-blind placebo controlled scientific studies, published in all the top medical journals. We would, it seems, be forced to rule out other explanations and seriously open our minds to the possibility that Tom Cruise has supernatural powers. We are not be able to dismiss the reports as faulty because of the degree to which they are reported, and the reliability of the sources reporting them . But could the laws of nature be modified to permit this occurrence? It seems unlikely. In this case, Tom Cruise is violating numerous laws of nature. If we are going to modify a law of nature, we need to be able to explain our reason for doing so, as well as provide a plausible account for why the exception we are permitting is in fact justified. Normally, when we modify a law to account for an exception, we can provide an explanation for why the law should not apply in the exceptional case. But there is no biological difference between a cancer that Tom Cruise wills to go away with his mind and one he does not. Any law we would devise for this phenomenon of cancers spontaneously healing would have to rely on a completely non-physical property: being willed to heal by Tom Cruise. So if we modify our laws of biology to allow that can cers can be spontaneously disappear, not only must we explain why some cancers spontaneously disappear and some do not, but we are also faced with the challenge that the only description we can give for the set of exceptions refers to the non-biological property of being willed to disappear by Tom Cruise. Now this is of course a very odd sort of exception to a law of biology, one that is completely unprecedented in any other biological law. Alternatively, trying to explain it in natural terms is a completely hopeless endeavour. However, claiming that Tom Cruise ¿Ã‚ ½s ability is a miracle, and given a Scientologist world-view not unexpected, provides two important advantages to the above explanation. Firstly, it provides us with an explanation for why cancers willed to heal by Tom Cruise are disappearing, and not other cancers. Secondly, it allows us to retain our natural laws as comprehensive, simple, and therefore useful descriptions of the natural world. So appealing to the miraculous is the best explanation. And though we can always modify our conception of the laws of nature to avoid introducing miracles into the equation, it would, as demonstrated in the above example, be crazy for us to do so. My defence of miracles has a potential objection that must be addressed. Problems of the unreliability of evidence for reported events, I argued, could be defeated by appealing to the repetition of miracles. That miracles can be repeated, however, is sometimes denied. One objection is by Swinburne. Swinburne is not prepared to allow that a miracle could be repeated, though he does allow a single miraculous occurence. He argues that any repeated miracle would nullify the credibility of the miracle and demand a modification of our law. This argument is weak. Firstly, it grants God the ability to interfere with nature, but just one time for any particular kind of interference, which leaves us with a rather odd sort of metaphysics. Secondly, if it is logically possible that a law can be violated once, then why can it not be violated again? It is arbitrary to insist that the point where a law requires modification is when an anomaly is repeated. Some modifications of laws provide poorer explanations for events than does an appeal to the supernatural, and that anomalies may be repeated does not change that fact, as we saw in the case of Tom Cruise. The reasonable conclusion is that a miracle can possibly be repeated any number of times. Even the possibility of  ¿Ã‚ ½miracle laws ¿Ã‚ ½ is something we should be willing to accept. Miracles can themselves be law-like despite being violation of laws. This is coherently understood in the case of supernatural laws violating natural laws, an instance of laws violating other laws. For example, consider the biblical story of the Israelites ¿Ã‚ ½ God turning the Egyptians ¿Ã‚ ½ water into blood. What is claimed to have happened is that any and all water belonging to an Egyptian spontaneously turned into blood. The spontaneous transformation of water into blood is certainly in violation of the laws of nature. Thus, by the biblical account, a supernatural power created a supernatural law, and caused the laws of nature to be violated in doing so. Any remnants of disreputability that miracles may have been tainted with should be taken care of by the admission of  ¿Ã‚ ½miracle laws ¿Ã‚ ½.

Macbeth and Lady Macbeth are Not Evil Essay -- GCSE Coursework Macbeth

Macbeth and Lady Macbeth are Not Evil Macbeth and Lady Macbeth are good people with poor judgment. It is unfair for Malcolm to describe them as "this dead butcher and his fiend - like queen". In the beginning they are a respected couple sharing a loving relationship. Their downfall is not due to evil, but caused by their ambition for Macbeth, sparked by the witches' prophecy. Macbeth's indecision on whether or not to kill Duncan, and Lady Macbeth's begging of the spirits to take away her feminine qualities, demonstrate that ruthlessness does not come easily to them. Macbeth is a Scottish nobleman and important kinsman of King Duncan, whose devising and heroic leadership of a winning tactic in a battle show his talent, courage and loyalty to his country. He is well respected, and after his feat of braveness, Duncan believes him worthy to receive the title of Thane of Cawdor, which is a huge honour to Macbeth. The problem with this, though, is that it helps to spark his ambition, which, we find later, is his tragic flaw. Lady Macbeth is a loyal wife with ambitions for her husband. She believes that Macbeth deserves to be King, but thinks that he is too nice to do anything about it. She does not think that he could kill Duncan on his own. She is supportive of Macbeth, and is willing to do what she can to help him get what he wants. She is basically a caring and loving person, though, so she pleads with the Spirits to take away her tenderness and femininity and make her ruthless: " Come, you spirits that tend on mortal thoughts, unsex me here, and fill me, from the crown to the toe, top full of direst cruelty." (I.v.38-41). This evidence on Macbeth and Lady Macbeth proves that, at the beginning of the play, they are bo... ...omen Reading Shakespeare 1660-1900. Ann Thompson and Sasha Roberts, eds. Manchester, UK: Manchester University Press, 1997. Knights, L.C. "Macbeth." Shakespeare: The Tragedies. A Collectiion of Critical Essays. Alfred Harbage, ed. Englewwod Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1964. Mack, Maynard. Everybody's Shakespeare: Reflections Chiefly on the Tragedies. Lincoln, NB: University of Nebraska Press, 1993. Schlegel, August Wilhelm. Criticism on Shakespeare s Tragedies . A Course of Lectures on Dramatic Art and Literature. London: AMS Press, Inc., 1965. Shakespeare, William. Tragedy of Macbeth . Ed. Barbara Mowat and Paul Warstine. New York: Washington Press, 1992. Steevens, George. Shakespeare, The Critical Heritage. Vol. 6. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1981. Wills, Gary. Lady Macbeth and Evil. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1998.

Mansion of a serial killer – Creative Writing

It was a cold rainy day school felt like it had being on forever, but it was only 11:45 oh well, at least I have lunch to look forward to. As I walked in to the dinner hall, I saw my best mate Kobe staring out of the window at the other side of the canteen. I walked over and asked what he was staring at. He replied â€Å"I was thinking about what it would be like to spend a night in that old mansion† â€Å"I think that's a stupid idea † I replied â€Å"why? Are you chicken?† He said â€Å"No of course not I will prove to you i'm not chicken Said I â€Å"Fine we will both stay in the mansion on Saturday night † After lunch Kobe and I went to play basketball on the inside courts, I was still thinking of the dare. I'm always scared to do things which could get me in trouble. I am really small and skinny with long brown hair and blue eyes. Kobe is nearly the opposite of me he is tall, slim, with dark skin and a shaven bald head he is always in trouble and he is really brave. All the kids in school are scared of him even though he is big and tough on the inside he is really quite a nice person. I am lucky to be friends with him. We made friends when we were 12 I use to get bullied every day and one day Kobe saw the lads bullying me so he came over and sorted then out ever since then we have being best friends. After school Kobe and I walked home he lived just across the corner from me on the way we passed the mansion. We stopped and looked up at it; it had being abandoned for years. It has really old stone work all the bricks are dirty and have bits of moss growing on them, the roof slates had fallen off and broke to a hundred pieces on the floor, most of the windows were boarded up and the ones the weren't were smashed, their weeds all over and the garden looked like a jungle with all the long grass. Kobe started to walk on so I followed him we walked to our street and said good bye. The street we lived on was quite a poor part of town their were giant pot holes every were, the houses were small and packed tight together quite a lot of people have windows put out from the rebel youths that live up the road. Later that night' I came down stairs for tea. Mum was sitting at the table on her own because dad was away for the week working. I asked mum about the mansion â€Å"Mum you know that old mansion? Who use to live there and what happened?† She said â€Å"a young couple use to live their who were very odd and never spoke to anyone but one mourning they were both lying dead on their beds with slit throats and wrote on the wall with blood was the words I will be back! So that's why nobody wants to move in† Trying to get to sleep that night was almost impossible that night my imagination was going crazy and scared me. The curtains were stirring and it sounded like rusty razor blades. I was thinking maybe I shouldn't do it but the I remembered this was to prove i'm not as scared as people think I lay thinking about the next day until 2:00am when I decided to get some sleeping pills from down stairs. I woke up in the mourning feeling really tired I went downstairs to get something to eat. Mum was out at work so I sat down on my own eating my cereal trembling to think this could be my last bowl. I wrote a note that read gone to stay at Kobe's see you tomorrow I left it on the kitchen table and left to go to Kobe's house it was a cold wet day pouring down with rain as I got their I knocked on his door and walked in he was just finishing his toast. We went upstairs to his bedroom. He already had his stuff packed, so we just played board games for the day as dawn came upon us, we went down stairs and told his mum he was coming to stay at my place she said â€Å"Ok† And we were on our way. As we stepped out it was starting to get really dark, the clouds were bid and grey and looked like they were about to spit rain at any minute. We set off towards the mansion. The time seemed to drag and it seemed like the longest walk ever Finally we reached the mansion the big black rusty gates were crashing together, sending shivers down my spine as we walked towards the door. I was shaking and my teeth were shattering together while Kobe just walked calmly to the door and turned the handle. The door opened with a massive squeaky creak. The smell of old and rotten hit me straight away, the floor boards creaked as we walked on them. Every thing was covered in dust; there was a spiral stair case in front of us and a grandfather clock ticking in the corner. As Kobe shone the torch on the wall and on the floor there were lots of red stains which freaked me out. BOOM all of a sudden the door slammed shut causing us to jump and shout as we turned back to look at the stairs. There was a tall dark figure standing there it said in a deep low voice â€Å"GET OUT!!† We turned quickly to get out the door but it was locked. We turned and sprinted to go down the cellar. We jumped behind an old book case when we heard the stairs creak. The guy entered the room and switched the light on. As I lifted my head to look around, I saw dead bodies everywhere. Some all bones some rotting and some fresh ones hung on the wall. Kobe looked at me and gulped I had never seen him scared but I could see the sheer terror on his face. I looked around the corner and saw the guy he had long greasy black hair hanging over his scared mangled face a long dark leather coat and jeans. He was holding a large knife in his hand, he started to walk over to the book case

Free Essays on Durkheim And Crime

For this paper I chose to write about Durkheim’s â€Å"The Normality of Crime† and his overall views on crime and deviance. I agree with his view that crime is a normal part of society, and that only too little or too much is undesirable. A certain amount of crime is in fact good for society, reinforcing the bonds between the general law abiding public. His theory is that the right level of crime would create interaction between the general public leading to solutions to problems; too little crime would see the end of this interaction and the stagnation of society, too much crime would lead to anomie, the loss of shared and dominant guiding principles or normalness. He recognizes crime as being important to the well-being of society and proposes that challenges to established moral and legal laws (deviance and crime, respectively) act to bring together those that were not in opposition to the laws. Recognition and punishment of crimes is, in effect, the very reaffirmation of the laws and moral boundaries of a society. The existence of laws and the strength of the laws are upheld by members of a society when violations are recognized, discussed, and dealt with either by legal punishment (jail, fines, execution) or by social punishment (shame, exile). Durkheim proposed that crime and deviance bring people in a society together. When a law is violated, especially within small communities, everyone talks about it. Meetings are sometimes held, articles are written for local news publications, and in general, a social community rises with activity when a norm is broken. As is most often the case, a violation pushes the non-violators (society as a whole) to cling together in opposition to the violation, reaffirming that society's bond and its obedience to certain norms. There is always evidence of this on the news. On numerous occasions I have seen communities come together because of a murder or kidnapping; lighting candles, having ... Free Essays on Durkheim And Crime Free Essays on Durkheim And Crime For this paper I chose to write about Durkheim’s â€Å"The Normality of Crime† and his overall views on crime and deviance. I agree with his view that crime is a normal part of society, and that only too little or too much is undesirable. A certain amount of crime is in fact good for society, reinforcing the bonds between the general law abiding public. His theory is that the right level of crime would create interaction between the general public leading to solutions to problems; too little crime would see the end of this interaction and the stagnation of society, too much crime would lead to anomie, the loss of shared and dominant guiding principles or normalness. He recognizes crime as being important to the well-being of society and proposes that challenges to established moral and legal laws (deviance and crime, respectively) act to bring together those that were not in opposition to the laws. Recognition and punishment of crimes is, in effect, the very reaffirmation of the laws and moral boundaries of a society. The existence of laws and the strength of the laws are upheld by members of a society when violations are recognized, discussed, and dealt with either by legal punishment (jail, fines, execution) or by social punishment (shame, exile). Durkheim proposed that crime and deviance bring people in a society together. When a law is violated, especially within small communities, everyone talks about it. Meetings are sometimes held, articles are written for local news publications, and in general, a social community rises with activity when a norm is broken. As is most often the case, a violation pushes the non-violators (society as a whole) to cling together in opposition to the violation, reaffirming that society's bond and its obedience to certain norms. There is always evidence of this on the news. On numerous occasions I have seen communities come together because of a murder or kidnapping; lighting candles, having ...

What are the causes and implications of the Israeli and Pale essays

What are the causes and implications of the Israeli and Pale essays The cause of the Israeli/Palestinian conflict is the agenda of Zionism claiming ancient land rights as the basis for the movement established in 1897. The implications of this policy cause the central grievance of the Palestinian people, their oppression and displacement at the hands of Jewish immigration and migrations. The establishment of the state of Israel after the second world war by the United Nations has seen this oppression of the Palestian people intensified as Israeli expansionism continues to the present. The role of the US in the Israeli/Palestinian issue has consistently supported Israel and needs to be amended if peace is to be achieved. The history of the Israeli and Palestinian struggle extends from biblical times and is now one of the most enduring and explosive of all the worlds conflicts . The land that now encompasses Israel and Palestine has been conquered and re-conquered throughout history. The Zionist Israeli claim extends back to 1250BC when the Israelites first began to conquer and settle the land of Canaan (Palestine) on the eastern Mediterranean coast after Moses had led his people out of Egypt . Until this time the Jewish people had no land and had wandered the desert for forty years in search of the promised land (as told by the old testament). Exodus 15:14-16, states that [t]he people shall hear and be afraid: sorrow shall take hold on the inhabitants of Palestinia(14), till trembling shall take hold upon them; [and] all the inhabitants of Canaan shall melt away(15). Zionists claim that Jews have the right to posses all land between the Nile and the Eurphrates because of the historical Old T estament claims according to Genesis 15:18 . If ancient claims are the basis of Israeli occupation- the Palestinians would have the greater claim due to their own length of history. The Canaanites, the People of Palestine, could count...

Computer Network Security Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Computer Network Security - Case Study Example In order to protect digital information, organizations are keen to implement technical controls such as firewalls, Intrusion Detection Systems, honeypots and Demilitarized zones. These controls are considered as logical and provide security on the logical layer. However, often the important aspect i.e. information security management is not addressed to the optimal level. A typical information security program is led by an information security manager who establishes a steering committee for discussing security aspects focusing not only on the IT department but every department within the enterprise. Some of the management controls that are implemented by the information security manager are IT governance, Risk management, monitoring Key Process Indicators (KPI) and Key Goal Indicators (KGI). KPI demonstrates the current state of security within an organization and KGI demonstrates the level of security to be achieved. As per the current scenario, critical data must be protected by i mplementing Firewalls to secure the network from external logical threats and Virtual Private Network will be implemented for securing the data transmission on the Wide Area Network. 2 Detailed Network Security Recommendations 2.1 Fundamentals of Firewall and VPN Network security appliances are implemented for providing three fundamental functions i.e. prevention, detection, and correction. Some of the most commonly adopted security appliances are Firewalls and Intrusion Detection Systems. Firewall is defined as â€Å"a piece of software or hardware device that ? filters the information coming through the Internet connection into a private network or a computer system. Firewall enforces an access control policy between two or more networks with two key functions: to block unwanted traf?c, and to permit wanted traf?c† (Firewall.2007). Similarly, as per network dictionary, Intrusion detection system is defined as â€Å"Intrusion detection system (IDS) is a type of security man agement system for computers and networks. An IDS gathers and analyzes information from various areas within a computer or a network to identify possible security breaches, which include both intrusions and misuse†. 2.2 Recommendation for Firewall and VPN Remote access ‘VPN’ provide emulation of a workstation to a remote user. It can extend every application related to data, video or voice communication. Remote access ‘VPN’ can provide highly customizable and secure remote access to employees anywhere anytime with any compatible device (Vachon & Graziani,). They can access the network resources and data access with any compatible device. The remote access ‘VPN’ portrays a realistic user experience as the user access his own system. The access is more flexible and easy because it can be operated by any compatible computing device. Remote access ‘VPN’ supports a wide variety of connectivity options and platforms, fulfilling the user requirements efficiently. 2.3 Recommended Solution for the Enterprise-A recommended solution for the enterprise will be a hardware-based firewall that is also called as Adaptive Security appliance ASA 5500 from Cisco. The ‘Cisco ASA 5500 Series Security Appliances’ personalize the security for specific network requirements such as securing credit card transactions.  

Research methods - Literature review Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Research methods - Literature review - Assignment Example The tone of the article also supports that he is addressing the literate class. In addition, the literature review presented is well referenced using footnotes, a factor that ascertains that it is scholarly. The author explores the balancing and bandwagoning, as the two options that states have during conflicts. Schweller seeks to highlight the factors that motivate states to settle for any of the two alternatives. His thesis is very evident that balancing and bandwagoning are not opposites, and a range of different factors motivates states adopting either of them. The goals of balancing and bandwagoning are different as well, with states opting for bandwagon to gain something, while the purpose of balancing is ensuring that values are protected (p. 75). From the literature review, it becomes evident that many scholars have not focused on exploring the issue of bandwagoning effectively. The author highlights that other authors who have tried to explore this topic previously have misconceived the concepts of bandwagoning. The literature review highlights that rewards are of central significance to states that opt for bandwagoning. It emerges that other reasons also prompt states to consider bandwagoning as the preferred option. The theory of the balance of interests is more realistic in explaining bandwagoning (p. 100). Schweller believes that the topic of bandwagoning has not been explored as it deserves. This is because the balancing theory that has often been used in explaining this concept seems insufficient. Moreover, the goals of bandwagoning have not been explained in details as required. He discerns the need for the development of new theories that can effectively explain the concept (p. 105). In his literature review, he focuses on filling this gap. He does this by reviewing the balancing theory, and explaining the reasons that prompt states to opt for bandwagoning. He

Government Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Government - Research Paper Example Trying Jones in the states court will also attract a maximum sentence unless he pleads guilty whereas the federal court has comparative leniency of federal rules regarding wiretaps and informants which give Jones the possibility of a minimal sentence compared to the former. The fact that he helped with the collecting of evidence to build cases against Smith and Thompson should influence the severity of his sentence in a federal court. Therefore it is my recommendation that once again a federal court is more beneficial because Jones’ actions of helping collect evidence will sway the judges or jury in a federal court. This will go a long way in helping future informants co-operate because they see that there snitching on the others is beneficial to them (Winnfred, 2011). Since no previous records have been found on Smith, the recommendation is to file the case in the Sedgwick County District Court. Smith should be charged with possession and trafficking as a first offender. The prosecutor should consider cutting a deal with Smith which will see the reduction of his sentence in exchange for him informing on his suppliers. ... The federal courts also need to issue a warrant to search all of Thompson’s premises. Secondly the federal courts offer greater harsher penalties for drug related offences that help deter people from future trafficking. According to 1993 statistics from the Department of Justice, the average federal sentence for selling powder cocaine was 79 months; the average for trafficking in crack cocaine was 141 months. Since Thompson seems to be a big time dealer he faces a harsher sentencing. Thompson should also be offered a deal just like Smith by the prosecutor where he faces a less harsh sentence if he is to inform on his suppliers (Harris 2007). The federal courts also offer an avenue for liaising with other courts in other states and other countries unlike the state courts in the event that Thompson’s suppliers are from different states or countries. Since Jones’ testimony is key to prosecuting Thompson, the prosecutor should make it clear to the judge that in no wa y should Jones’ previous convictions influence the decision made by the court in the trial against Thompson. He should still be viewed as a credible witness despite his selfish reasons in informing on Thompson. Looking at the federal law in the United States, there is no full reception statute provided on the level of federal law that spearheaded common law and therefore giving power to federal courts to fabricate precedents that were deemed legal. Federal courts culminate from the federal constitution together with the federal Judicial Acts. On the other hand, people have come to accept the fact that the earlier inhabitants of the United States, by their action of bestowing â€Å"judicial authority† into the highest court of the land

Principles of Insurance Essay Example for Free

Principles of Insurance Essay 1. Principle of Uberrimae fidei (Utmost Good Faith) Principle of Uberrimae fidei (a Latin phrase), or in simple english words, the Principle of Utmost Good Faith, is a very basic and first primary principle of insurance. According to this principle, the insurance contract must be signed by both parties (i.e insurer and insured) in an absolute good faith or belief or trust. The person getting insured must willingly disclose and surrender to the insurer his complete true information regarding the subject matter of insurance. The insurers liability gets void (i.e legally revoked or cancelled) if any facts, about the subject matter of insurance are either omitted, hidden, falsified or presented in a wrong manner by the insured. The principle of Uberrimae fidei applies to all types of insurance contracts. 2. Principle of Insurable Interest The principle of insurable interest states that the person getting insured must have insurable interest in the object of insurance. A person has an insurable interest when the physical existence of the insured object gives him some gain but its non-existence will give him a loss. In simple words, the insured person must suffer some financial loss by the damage of the insured object. For example :- The owner of a taxicab has insurable interest in the taxicab because he is getting income from it. But, if he sells it, he will not have an insurable interest left in that taxicab. From above example, we can conclude that, ownership plays a very crucial role in evaluating insurable interest. Every person has an insurable interest in his own life. A merchant has insurable interest in his business of trading. Similarly, a creditor has insurable interest in his debtor. 3. Principle of Indemnity Indemnity means security, protection and compensation given against damage, loss or injury. According to the principle of indemnity, an insurance contract is signed only for getting protection against unpredicted financial losses arising due to future uncertainties. Insurance contract is not made for making profit else its sole purpose is to give compensation in case of any damage or loss. In an insurance contract, the amount of compensations paid is in proportion to the incurred losses. The amount of compensations is limited to the amount assured or the actual losses, whichever is less. The compensation must not be less or more than the actual damage. Compensation is not paid if the specified loss does not happen due to a particular reason during a specific time period. Thus, insurance is only for giving protection against losses and not for making profit. However, in case of life insurance, the principle of indemnity does not apply because the value of human life cannot be measured in terms of money. 4. Principle of Contribution Principle of Contribution is a corollary of the principle of indemnity. It applies to all contracts of indemnity, if the insured has taken out more than one policy on the same subject matter. According to this principle, the insured can claim the compensation only to the extent of actual loss either from all insurers or from any one insurer. If one insurer pays full compensation then that insurer can claim proportionate claim from the other insurers. For example :- Mr. John insures his property worth $ 100,000 with two insurers AIG Ltd. for $ 90,000 and MetLife Ltd. for $ 60,000. Johns actual property destroyed is worth $ 60,000, then Mr. John can claim the full loss of $ 60,000 either from AIG Ltd. or MetLife Ltd., or he can claim $ 36,000 from AIG Ltd. and $ 24,000 from Metlife Ltd. So, if the insured claims full amount of compensation from one insurer then he cannot claim the same compensation from other insurer and make a profit. Secondly, if one insurance company pays the full c ompensation then it can recover the proportionate contribution from the other insurance company. 5. Principle of Subrogation Subrogation means substituting one creditor for another. Principle of Subrogation is an extension and another corollary of the principle of indemnity. It also applies to all contracts of indemnity. According to the principle of subrogation, when the insured is compensated for the losses due to damage to his insured property, then the ownership right of such property shifts to the insurer. This principle is applicable only when the damaged property has any value after the event causing the damage. The insurer can benefit out of subrogation rights only to the extent of the amount he has paid to the insured as compensation. For example :- Mr. John insures his house for $ 1 million. The house is totally destroyed by the negligence of his neighbour Mr.Tom. The insurance company shall settle the claim of Mr. John for $ 1 million. At the same time, it can file a law suit against Mr.Tom for $ 1.2 million, the market value of the house. If insurance company wins the case and collects $ 1.2 mi llion from Mr. Tom, then the insurance company will retain $ 1 million (which it has already paid to Mr. John) plus other expenses such as court fees. The balance amount, if any will be given to Mr. John, the insured. 6. Principle of Loss Minimization According to the Principle of Loss Minimization, insured must always try his level best to minimize the loss of his insured property, in case of uncertain events like a fire outbreak or blast, etc. The insured must take all possible measures and necessary steps to control and reduce the losses in such a scenario. The insured must not neglect and behave irresponsibly during such events just because the property is insured. Hence it is a responsibility of the insured to protect his insured property and avoid further losses. For example :- Assume, Mr. Johns house is set on fire due to an electric short-circuit. In this tragic scenario, Mr. John must try his level best to stop fire by all possible means, like first calling nearest fire department office, asking neighbours for emergency fire extinguishers, etc. He must not remain inactive and watch his house burning hoping, Why should I worry? Ive insured my house. 7. Principle of Causa Proxima (Nearest Cause) Principle of Causa Proxima (a Latin phrase), or in simple english words, the Principle of Proximate (i.e Nearest) Cause, means when a loss is caused by more than one causes, the proximate or the nearest or the closest cause should be taken into consideration to decide the liability of the insurer. The principle states that to find out whether the insurer is liable for the loss or not, the proximate (closest) and not the remote (farest) must be looked into. For example :- A cargo ships base was punctured due to rats and so sea water entered and cargo was damaged. Here there are two causes for the damage of the cargo ship (i) The cargo ship getting punctured beacuse of rats, and (ii) The sea water entering ship through puncture. The risk of sea water is insured but the first cause is not. The nearest cause of damage is sea water which is insured and therefore the insurer must pay the compensation. However, in case of life insurance, the principle of Causa Proxima does not apply. Whatever may be the reason of death (whether a natural death or an unnatural death) the insurer is liable to pay the amount of insurance.