Child development Essay

1. Understand the development and learning of babies and young children. 1.1 Explain the pattren of developments in the first three years of life and the skills typically acquired at each stage. Babies and toddlers show amazing progress in all aspects of their development from birth to three years, considering they are born with simple reflexes and are quite helpless and dependent. It is essential to have a good understanding of the development stages in this group in order to support their development. The changes that occur in a child’s development in the first few years of life are truly remarkable. Practitoners note children’s development as they begin to smile, laugh, sit, crawl, babble and talk. Children begin to socialize and play cooperatively with other children. They acquire important skills to get along with others such as turn-taking, sharing and following instructions, as well as skills that will help them academically such as drawing, counting, reading, and writing.(REF:http://www.beststart.org/OnTrack_English/3-childrensdevelopment.html) Early child development usually follows a sequence, as the child needs to master one skill before he/she can a cquire the next, but all children develop at their own rate. At times, a child may take a long time to master a new skill; at other times, he/she may seem to skip a skill in the expected sequence in his/hers speed of development. Through careful observation, assessment and communication with the child’s key worker, they can draw a clear picture of the child within their setting. 1.2 Explain: How development and learning are interconnected How and why variations occur in rate and sequence of development of learning That learning may take place in different ways The importance of play Development and learning are closely tied. Children need to develop certian  skills in order for them to learn, but also the desire to learn something or achieve a goal can motivate a child to develop the necessary skills. A good example of this is walking, for a baby to begin to walk, a level of coordination and growth is required, but the baby must also have the desire to walk. during the process of learning to walk, the child will develop balance, strength in the legs, and improved coordination. Once the child can walk, a whole new world can be discovered as the child can now reach things and see things from an different level. Therefore, Learning to walk has improved both the child’s physical development, and his or her cognition. It is not fully understood why some children appear to learn faster than others, but it is thought that there both genetic and environmental factorsat play. Some children have learning difficulties that prevent them from learning in the same wa y – or at the same rate – as other children. The causes of learning difficulties vary and include chromosomal conditions, medical conditions and others that are not yeat understood, however, although the term ‘ learning difficulties’ is used, it does not mean that such children will have difficulties in learning in every area of their lives. So some children will learn some skills, for example the ability to draw or socialise, at the same rate as others. Some children are seen as ‘bright’ very early on. Adults may notice how quicky the remember things and how fast they are to learn new skills. For these children, it would seem that they are able to process information more quickly and effectively than other children of the same age. This is thought to be linked to the presence of a stimulating environment combined with a strong genetic component. Children can learn in a variety of ways. They can copy adults and other children, they can also learn from thier own experiences as they will repeat activities that fascinate them or are enjoyable. Interestingly, most of what babies and toddlers will learn comes from ‘doing’ rather than being ‘taught’ by adults. As children can learn in variety of ways, it is important for us to provide them with a range of different opportunities and experiences. Play is essential for children’s development. through play, children can delelop a variety of skills that support every area of development. Good play opportunities allow children not only to have fun and to explore, but also to learn about materials, concepts and how to socialise. Play begins very early on in babies’ lives as long as they have an adult who can engage  with them. As ch ildren grown an develop, they are able to choose and create their own play; Physical – A range of physical skills, including fine and gross motor skills, are developed as children make movements, balance or sit in order to play with toys or engage in games with adluts. Cognitive – Children learn concepts and about the world around them by playing with materials, resources and learning by trial and error what things can do. Language – Play gives children a reason for taking and communicating. At first this is with adluts, but as children can play together, they talk to each other. Emotional – Play is fun. It makes children feel happy and also helps them to feel powerful and learn about feelings; when they engage in role play they also learn about different perspectives. Social – From playing with adults, babies learn social skills such as talkingturns and co-operating. They so learn to ‘read’ faces. With age and language skills. children also learn to play with other children. 1.3 Explain the potential effects on development, of pre-conceptual, pre-birth and birth experiences. All babies and children show different rates of development,but some do so because of difficulties linked to experiences during conception, pregnancy and birth. We know that even before a baby is conceived, the lifestyle of the parents can have an effect on thier potential development. this is because men’s sperm and woman’s ova can be easily damaged. Parents are advised to think about stopping smoking, about taking folic acid supplements, cuttting down on alcohol and avoiding recreational drugs. They are also advised not to leave starting a family too late because not only does it become harder for a woman to conceive as they get older, but also the quality of a woman’s eggs can deteriorate over time. Conception At the moment of conception, when a sperm and egg fuse, a transfer of genetic information takes place. the fertilised eggs will have 23 chromosomes from the father and 23 chromosomes from the mother, which are used to determine its development. This is mixing of genetic information is often described as  nature’s lottery, as some medical conditions and disabilities are the result ofthis genetic combination. Pregnancy Between conception and birth, babies can be affected by the health of their mother as well as her lifestyle choices. Stress, deit and alcohol are examples of factors that can affect development. It is now recognised that the first twelev weeks of pregnancy is when the foetus is at it’s most vulnerable. During this time the foetus becomes recognisably human and all the organs are formed. Smoking Smoking restricts the amount of oxygen the unborn baby is getting and affects the groth and development. Bbaies born to mothers who smoke are therefore more likely to be lighter at birth and also premature. Ther seems to be other long-lasting effects on health as well. These include a higher incidence of cot death and a greater predisposition to asthma. Substance abuse the use of recreational and prescribed drugs can affect the developing foetus. Drugs enter the mother’s blood stream and the cross via the placenta into the baby. the effect of drugs can be devastating – especially in the first twelve weeks when the foetus is developing. Pregnant woman are therefore advised not to take any drugs during their pregnacy unless told to do so by a doctor. Alcohol Alcohol can enter the foetus’s blood stream in the same way that drugs can. Again this can have a serious impact, especially in the first few weeks of a pregnancy when sometimes mothers may not even know their pregnant but the baby is at a critical point of development. During the rest of the prgnancy alcohol can effect the development of the bay an so doctors advised mothers not to drink threw out their pregnancy. A specific condition known as Foetal Alcohol Syndrome, which is cuased by alcohol during pregnancy, has now been identifed. This condition negatively affects aspects of the children’s cognitive development including their concentration. Infections Some infections that a mother may pick up during pregnancy can affect the  development of the foetus. The common cold is harmless, but food poisoning, rubella or sexually transmitted disease such as genital herpes can put the unborn baby at risk. Babies who have been exposed to rebella often have sight and hearing problems. Maternal Health Most women should have healthy pregnancies, but some woman can develop complications, including diabetes and pre-eclampsia (which can even be fatal). If left undereated, these conditions can affect the health of both mother and baby. This is why pregnant women are offered refu;ar antental check ups. Maternal Diet Diet is particularly important in the first twelve weeks of pregnancy when lack of a mineral called folic acid, found in green leafy vegetables, can cause spina bifida. Women who are consirdering a pregnancy are therfore urged to take supplements of 400mcg of folic acid daily untilthe twelfth week of their pregnancy. Pregnant woman can also become deficient in iron and so are encouraged to eat high in iron such as red meat, green vegetables, dried apircots and fortified breakfeast cereals. The process of birth can present various dangers to both mother and child, which is why mothers are monitored before and during birth. Most women give birth vaginally but sometimes a Caesarean Section is given. This is when an incision of approximately 20cm is made across the lower abdomen and the baby is delivered through this opening; the mother is given an anaesthetic beforehand. A Caesarean may be planned in advance, for example when a woman is carrying triplets, or may have to be carried out at short notice if there are difficulties when giving birth. The main danger for babies during the birthing process is a lack of oxygen. During labour, the oxygen supply to the baby might be interrupted for several reasons, including the umbilical cord becoming entangled or the baby being slow to breathe at birth. In extreme cases anoxia can be fatal or leave the baby with permanent brian damage. It is important to emphasise. However, that this is relatively rare and most abies are born safe ly.

King Louis XIV: One King, One Law, One Faith Essay

King Louis’ reign and goals can be summarized with his desire for â€Å"one king, one law, one faith.† As an absolutist leader, he centered the country around himself, and was successful in his goal. By glorifying his position as king, he achieved â€Å"one king†, by limiting the power of others, he achieved â€Å"one law† and by uniting the French religion, he achieved â€Å"one faith†. Louis XIV was successful in accomplishing this central, powerful French monarchy. To achieve â€Å"one king† in France, Louis formed himself into an absolute and glorified leader, doing wonders for France’s centralization. In 1682, Louis relocated to his new palace at Versailles, magnificent enough to be the home of a god. The sheer size and beauty awed Europe and proclaimed his authority. Rituals, too, at Versailles boasted Louis’ power. Common activities such as dressing and walking required elaborate, showy rituals whose precipitants competed for the honor of their task. These, too, made Louis the center of attention and achieved the loyalty of his subjects. Finally, Louis governed in a matter that did not demand any input from others; he governed in the matter he desired, and superseded the power of the nobility and aristocracy. His efforts were not in vain, people felt honored if Louis were to but merely glance at him, or if they were to but walk with him. Louis exercised much control over his people because of the matter in which he made all affairs revolve around him. Louis XIV desired â€Å"one law†, achieved by his limitation of the powers of nobles and other statesmen and the unification of the military. Louis was but a young boy during La Fronde, a series of uprisings against royal policies and heavy taxation. Nevertheless, it had a significant impact on Louis XIV’s reign; he made sure to never allow another rebellion or let nobles to be as powerful as they had been. He ruled through multiple council of state, but demanded an active role in their decisions. â€Å"That I had no intention of sharing power†, said Louis. Another significant policy of Louis was his housing of the French nobles at Versailles. He demanded that all the nobles stay at Versailles for part of the year so he could survey their activities. Nobles, having no choice, would come and obey their monarch. To further his law policies’ success, Louis regulated the French military by establishing one uniform and training method. This did not allow for the noblemen to threaten his supreme power or question his loyalty. Although Louis claimed he had supreme authority in France, he  relied heavily on the cooperation of nobles to extend his power. Even so, Louis was successful in uniting his â€Å"one lawâ⠂¬ , not influenced by others. Finally, Louis desired â€Å"one faith†. Although Louis was not intolerant to Protestants, he hated division, and oppressed non-Catholics. Most significantly was Louis revocation of the Edict of Nantes, which allowed Huguenots the right to worship in 150 French towns, making a very strong example of Louis’ stance toward Protestants. In addition, Huguenots lost their churches, schools and clergy. Indeed, Louis did not approve of Protestantism. He instead praised Catholicism, as he was a Catholic himself. He required all his subjects to be loyal to the Church and its laws. This united France with a common faith that would continue to shape the religion on France. Though the revocation of the Edict of Nantes had drastic effects on the economy of France, Louis had achieved a unified French faith which he insisted would be vital to the nation In conclusion, Louis XIV embraced a â€Å"One king, one law, one faith† policy toward his gove rning. He was successful in this goal, attributed to his own glorification, the restriction of others’ power and the unity in religion.

Games and its Benefits Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Games and its Benefits - Essay Example According to (Bowlby et al., 1983) gaming should involve physical body movements which are a very essential part of enjoying life in the right manner. Therefore, it is imperative that a physical and social entertainment system be put in place so that family members could connect with each other even while they are away from home. In this respect, a new and novel concept called ‘Age Invaders’ (AI) has made its presence felt and has served to bridge the generation gap by ushering in, an interactive social - physical game. In this scenario of gaming, it allows the elderly to play harmoniously with children in a physical place, while parents can take part in the game through the Internet in real time. Such interaction between the different family members not only helps to decrease the ever widening generation gap, but also serves to connect family members and bring them closer to each other. Quite unlike the regular computer games ‘Age Invaders’ help to bring ga ming to a physical platform, where physical body movements are needed. The game involves a floor display that gives the user direct access to the virtual game, by using their body as an interface. According to (Price and Rogers, 2004) it would engage the players physically and encourages them to interact actively, thereby decreasing the generation gap.

Preserving Knowledge for Future Generation Essay

Preserving Knowledge for Future Generation - Essay Example Preserving Knowledge for Future Generation One of the major treasures that have been destroyed in the process of these disasters is intellectual property and information. Information impacts knowledge to the society and carries a lot of power especially given its capability to influence generations as well as providing continuity in a society. In an attempt to secure knowledge, the current generation has widely advanced and used technology to ensure that information of whichever form is preserved and retrieved when required. Electronic sources are now being used to store whatever knowledge is available. However, the information already lost remains irretrievable thereby creating an inconsistency of knowledge over generations. Quite a big chunk of the historic knowledge has been lost through disasters making us deficient of it and unable to decipher what it was all about. Library destruction has been an issue that has denied the current society of the need to link modernity with some historic knowledge. These destructions have been under the influence of human intents based on certain motivations or just by accident. Human-made activities make the bulk of the destroyed books and other knowledge carrying materials. There are key incidences in history that have led to massive destruction of knowledge. Firstly, the destruction of the Library of Alexandria in the ancient Egypt is one of the landmark knowledge losses in the early history. It is reported that the library contained a collection of many works to the extent of attracting the earlier scholars who are said to have converted the library to be their study base. Many papyrus scrolls and books not only had massive information about the early culture but also knowledge based on religion, philosophy, and economics among other areas. Being one of the early centers of civilization and the proximity with Rome and Greece provided a perfect location knowledge sharing and acquisition. It is not clear whether the library was destroyed by fire or several destruc tive events but it was completely ruined with all the knowledge it carried. Closely related to it was the Library of the Serapeum that became the alternative of the early scholars after the one in Alexandria was destroyed. This library was too destroyed by burning and looting of the resources thereof. Some reports have indicated that the destruction of the library was catalyzed by the order given by Theodosius I, making the library to be burnt to ashes. This led to destruction of the books and scrolls that had remained from the destruction of the Library of Alexandria. The cultural knowledge was the main victim of the two incidences in early Egypt. Another ancient incidence that caused destruction of a wealth of resourceful information is the destruction of Nalanda in India around 1193 AD. Nalanda was one the revered religious learning centers in India; highly regarded for the position that it had given Buddhism. It had wealth of knowledge contained in books that attracted people fr om as far as China, Persia, Greece and Tibet. The great library was destroyed in a war by Muslim army from Turkey, they set fire on it and is reported to have destroyed all the documents and books contained therein. The library was so big that it burnt for almost three months. Apart from the loss of the knowledge that was present in the library resources, the culture as well as Buddhism was adversely affected. In addition, religious affiliated

Contemporary project Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Contemporary project - Essay Example In developed countries, very rare cases of counterfeit medicines are observed because people are well informed and the online markets help the customers to differentiate the real and fake drugs for the patients. The problem of counterfeit medicines is not difficult to tackle. Implementation of strict rules and regulations, strong role of the institutions, working courts against these companies and the well-structured liability laws are helpful to demolish these kinds of drugs from the markets. For example, two organizations are actively working against fake pharmaceutical companies and for community health in Uganda. A big NGO â€Å"BRAC† is working in Bangladesh and in African Countries for selling genuine medicines and for health projects. In addition, â€Å"Living Good† origination is also working on the same projects in Kenya, Uganda and in the neighboring countries. The organizations against counterfeit medicines decrease the selling rate of these companies by providing awareness and genuine pharmaceutical products to the patients. The role of community health programs is very useful in decreasing the rate of unemployment in several countries, e.g. about one hundred thousand workers are engaged to the BRAC, which is a nongovernmental organization. In some areas of the world, cell phone technology is also playing the role for authentic medicines by the facility of verification codes for genuine products. Doctor Ashifi Gogo introduced the latest system of medicine authentication code through cell phones in those areas, where the customers do not trust in the shops of medicine markets. For example, a unique code number is present in every box of the Sproxil brand to identify it’s originality before using it. The customer scratches the card to find the code number and checks it through the cell phone authentication method to know the originality of the product. The revenues of Sproxil were great in 2010 after implementing the

Strategic Alliances the Right Way to Compete in the 21st Century Assignment

Strategic Alliances the Right Way to Compete in the 21st Century - Assignment Example The author of the paper states that strategic alliances are detrimental to an organization for various reasons. First, they spur out organic growth. Such growth is not enough for an organization to achieve its stipulated mandate. It further speeds up the marketing process for the produced goods. In addition, many businesses are on the verge of embracing diversification of services and goods. No one business can fully be at the dispensation of having all-around skilled human resources. Hence, such alliances bring up elements of skills exchange. Moreover, there is an established trend in research and innovation, making the firm competitive globally.  It becomes easier for the business to venture in the market, as its operational base is stronger. Advancement in technology, ICT, and transport makes the entry point easier. Venturing out in the international market may be quite a complicated and expensive process, but there is a cost reduction in the case of two firms. It is easier to o vercome many obstacles such as hostile policies and competition. Shared knowledge and risks add up to become a strength to the firms.  Decentralized Federation applies when companies that are trying to expand in foreign countries are faced with domestic competition. Therefore, they require coming up with multinational strategies with a decentralized federation. Therefore, the requirement to form local production facilities, and to ensure that this local unit becomes increasingly independent. The internal culture of this organization should be able to embrace personal relations rather than formal structures, and economic controls more than technical/operational details. These local units have more functioning independence and strategic freedoms from their headquarters, and they are managed as a collection of an offshore investment instead of a single worldwide business.

IMT Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

IMT - Case Study Example , he was walking in a hornet’s nest and any single approach from the four options he came up with may have had detrimental impact on the performance of the company if not cautiously implemented. In general, he did a great job when it comes to the understanding of the tasks as well as the prevailing environment in the companies. He also strived to be honest with June, his superior, in his feedback and recommendations. CMCI’s statement is not inspiring enough. A mission statement should not come out as an old novel which lacks both sense of direction and purpose (Neto 24). However, after reading Fort Wayne MIS Directions and Objectives Statement, more light is provided on the direction the company was heading to. The latter talks about the company being structured and with some reasonable level of risk taking. Considering the difference in timelines when the two were written, they can both be said to combine well in giving some form of common management tool. The two statements appear to addressing the same issues with the organizational set up. It is worth pointing out that reading Fort Wayne MIS Directions and Objectives Statement maps it out more clearly than CMCI’s statement which has limited vision and is not comprehensive. Over the last five years, CMCI has been experiencing several developments. This is in terms of expansion through acquisitions. In order to reach out to a larger market. The business has acquire several businesses both within and outside USA. In all these entities, the leadership and the management structures have remained decentralized. This expansion and leadership structures will for sure impact on the overall system architecture of the Fort Wayne Plant. Four options were suggested. The first one was the centralized computing. This involved relying on single networks within each of the companies. The advantage of this proposal is that it allows the company to have more control over its operations (Khosrowpour 53). The shortcoming

Report on health and safety differences between carribean and uk Essay

Report on health and safety differences between carribean and uk - Essay Example The way in which they do this varies, however, from one country to the next. While the Caribbean islands handle this administration through a prescriptive approach, the UK uses something called goal-setting strategies to ensure basic human health and safety standards are met. This particular method of enforcing compliance is quite different from prescriptive strategies in many ways, which will be enumerated through various examples throughout this document. Companies that operate in more than one country may find it beneficial to meet the most restrictive of the requirements set forth by both countries, but can only do so once those requirements are delineated and compared. By understanding the current conditions and prescriptive strategies used in the Caribbean as well as the conditions and strategies used in the UK, one can compare the similarities and differences between the two systems and adjust each for maximum goal-setting strategy development prior to company relocation. In discussing prescriptive strategies versus goal-setting strategies, it is important to understand the difference between the two. Although legislation can be created in any country that governs the use of goal-setting strategies as well, the use of the term prescriptive strategies as it is used in this document will refer to all health and safety management strategies that are specifically outlined in legislative form. In other words, these strategies are required by mandate as a means of meeting basic minimum compliance levels, and tend to spell out the exact requirements, methods, practices and means of reporting or record keeping in the areas of health and safety management for employees and companies operating within a specific governmental sphere. These minimum requirements can be applied to any kind of health or safety issue including environmental concerns at large, employee health plans or allowable workforce

Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute in Barro Colorado, Republic of Essay

Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute in Barro Colorado, Republic of Panama - Essay Example The goals, achievements and some of the exotic flora and fauna of the institute have also been described. History and Current Status of STRI, Barro Colorado The history of STRI begins with the construction of the Panama Canal during which the Barro Colorado Island was formed (National Research Council). The damming of the Chagres River for the construction of the Panama Canal led to a rise in its water levels, causing the formation of the Gantun Lake. Following this, a small mountain about 476 feet high was isolated from the mainland, thus forming an island that was named the Barro Colorado Island (The Smithsonian Institution). James Zetek is one among the many scientists who foresaw the importance of setting this island aside for scientific research. In 1923, the Governor of Canal Zone designated the island as a biological reserve, and a research laboratory was set up collectively by the Smithsonian Institution, universities and private organizations for the purpose of investigating tropical flora and fauna (The Smithsonian Institution). Smithsonian’s fourth Secretary, Charles Doolittle Walcott, initiated a massive survey of the Panama Canal Zone (National Research Council). By 1946, the Barro Colorado Island became an integral part of the Smithsonian Institution. ... In 1966, its name was changed to the Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute. Its scope was expanded to other parts of the tropics and marine science centers were also established on the Pacific and Atlantic coasts of the Panama (The Smithsonian Institution). Barro Colorado, in 1979, was declared a Nature Monument in compliance with the terms of the Convention for Nature Protection in the Western Hemisphere, 1940, and under the Torrijos-Carter Treaty (The Smithsonian Institution). Panama took STRI’s facilities under its custodianship and granted it the status of an International Mission. The Panama Canal Treaties were signed between Panama and STRI’s host nation. STRI signed an agreement with the Interoceanic Region Authority (ARI), formalizing its custodianship of the Barro Colorado Natural Monument before the expiration of the Panama Canal Treaties. In 1997, the institute came into an agreement with the Government of the Republic of Panama for continuing its research activities. Up to the present day, STRI has been host to scientists from all over the world. Barro Colorado is now one of the most studied tropical areas and boasts of about 102 mammal species, 381 bird species, and 1,316 plant species ranging over an area of 1,500 hectares and containing a vast network of trails (The Smithsonian Institution). Long-term studies on biology and natural history are being conducted on both terrestrial and marine field stations that are equipped with high-end laboratories along with dormitories. STRI has expanded its scope to other tropical areas and research is now conducted throughout Asia, Africa and Latin America. Every year, about 250 to 300 scientists visit STRI at Barro Colorado from all over the world (The Smithsonian Institution). Goals and Achievements of the

See work below in description Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

See work below in description - Coursework Example More often than not, after establishing the basis for company prices, managers always develop pricing strategies by looking at the pricing goals that the company strives. These may be such as pricing increasing long-term or short-term profits, increasing cash flow, stabilizing prices and in some cases warding off competition. After taking into account the existing market conditions, companies may consider fixed price policies. These may include menu based pricing, activity based pricing and cost per drop. Most specifically the various fixed pricing strategies are based on the customers demand and market expectations (Özer & Phillips, 2012). Consumers tend to experience two roots of value for a product. One is acquisition utility, and the other is transaction utility, these are what forms part of the consequences should a fixed pricing policy apply. Acquisition utility implies utility of obtaining a given product while on the other hand transaction utility implies the difference between the featured price and a subjects reference price. Through fixed pricing policy, consumers are able to decide for the time they will pay for better service provided and when it would be logical to order to reduce impulse buying (Nagle,

Marketing strategies Essay Example for Free

Marketing strategies Essay Types of strategies Marketing strategies may differ depending on the unique situation of the individual business. However there are a number of ways of categorizing some generic strategies. A brief description of the most common categorizing schemes is presented below: Strategies based on market dominance In this scheme, firms are classified based on their market share or dominance of an industry. Typically there are four types of market dominance strategies: Leader Challenger Follower Nicher According to Shaw, Eric (2012). Marketing Strategy: From the Origin of the Concept to the Development of a Conceptual Framework. Journal of Historical Research in Marketing., there is a framework for marketing strategies. Market introduction strategies At introduction, the marketing strategist has two principle strategies to choose from: penetration or niche (47). Market growth strategies  In the early growth stage, the marketing manager may choose from two additional strategic alternatives: segment expansion (Smith, Ansoff) or brand expansion (Borden, Ansoff, Kerin and Peterson, 1978) (48). Market maturity strategies In maturity, sales growth slows, stabilizes and starts to decline. In early  maturity, it is common to employ a maintenance strategy (BCG), where the firm maintains or holds a stable marketing mix (48). Market decline strategies At some point the decline in sales approaches and then begins to exceed costs. And not just accounting costs, there are hidden costs as well; as Kotler (1965, p. 109) observed: No financial accounting can adequately convey all the hidden costs. At some point, with declining sales and rising costs, a harvesting strategy becomes unprofitable and a divesting strategy necessary (49). Early marketing strategy concepts were: Borden’s â€Å"marketing mix†Ã‚  In his classic Harvard Business Review (HBR) article of the marketing mix, Borden (1964) credits James Culliton in 1948 with describing the marketing executive as a decider and a mixer of ingredients. This led Borden, in the early 1950s, to the insight that what this mixer of ingredients was deciding upon was a marketing mix' (34). Smith’s â€Å"differentiation and segmentation strategies† In product differentiation, according to Smith (1956, p. 5), a firm tries bending the will of demand to the will of supply. That is, distinguishing or differentiating some aspect(s) of its marketing mix from those of competitors, in a mass market or large segment, where customer preferences are relatively homogeneous (or heterogeneity is ignored, Hunt, 2011, p. 80), in an attempt to shift its aggregate demand curve to the left (greater quantity sold for a given price) and make it more inelastic (less amenable to substitutes). With segmentation, a firm recognizes that it faces multiple demand curves, because customer preferences are heterogeneous, and focuses on serving one or more specific target segments within the overall market (35). Dean’s â€Å"skimming and penetration strategies† With skimming, a firm introduces a product with a high price and after milking the least price sensitive segment, gradually reduces price, in a stepwise fashion, tapping effective demand at each price level. With penetration pricing a firm continues its initial low price from introduction  to rapidly capture sales and market share, but with lower profit margins than skimming (37). Forrester’s â€Å"product life cycle (PLC)† The PLC does not offer marketing strategies, per se; rather it provides an overarching framework from which to choose among various strategic alternatives (38). There are also corporate strategy concepts like: Andrews’ â€Å"SWOT analysis† Although widely used in marketing strategy, SWOT (also known as TOWS) Analysis originated in corporate strategy. The SWOT concept, if not the acronym, is the work of Kenneth R. Andrews who is credited with writing the text portion of the classic: Business Policy: Text and Cases (Learned et al., 1965) (41). Ansoff’s â€Å"growth strategies† The most well-known, and least often attributed, aspect of Igor Ansoff’s Growth Strategies in the marketing literature is the term product-market. The product-market concept results from Ansoff juxtaposing new and existing products with new and existing markets in a two by two matrix (41-42). Porter’s â€Å"generic strategies† Porter generic strategies strategy on the dimensions of strategic scope and strategic strength. Strategic scope refers to the market penetration while strategic strength refers to the firm’s sustainable competitive advantage. The generic strategy framework (porter 1984) comprises two alternatives each with two alternative scopes. These are Differentiation and low-cost leadership each with a dimension of Focus-broad or narrow. ** Product differentiation ** Cost leadership ** Market segmentation * Innovation strategies — This deals with the firms rate of the new product development and business model innovation. It asks whether the company is on the cutting edge of technology and business innovation. There are three types: ** Pioneers ** Close followers ** Late followers * Growth strategies — In this scheme we ask the question, â€Å"How should the firm grow?†. There are a number of different ways of answering that question, but the most common gives four answers: Horizontal integration Vertical integration Diversification Intensification These ways of growth are termed as organic growth. Horizontal growth is whereby a firm grows towards acquiring other businesses that are in the same line of business for example a clothing retail outlet acquiring a food outlet. The two are in the retail establishments and their integration lead to expansion. Vertical integration can be forward or backward. Forward integration is whereby a firm grows towards its customers for example a food manufacturing firm acquiring a food outlet. Backward integration is whereby a firm grows towards its source of supply for example a food outlet acquiring a food manufacturing outlet. A more detailed scheme uses the categoriesMiles, Raymond (2003). Organizational Strategy, Structure, and Process. Stanford: Stanford University Press. ISBN 0-8047-4840-3.: Prospector Analyzer Defender Reactor Marketing warfare strategies This scheme draws parallels between marketing strategies and military strategies. BCG’s â€Å"growth-share portfolio matrix† Based on his work with experience curves (that also provides the rationale for Porter’s low cost leadership strategy), the growth-share matrix was originally created by Bruce D. Henderson, CEO of the Boston Consulting Group (BCG) in 1968 (according to BCG history). Throughout the 1970s, Henderson expanded upon the concept in a series of short (one to three page) articles in the BCG newsletter titled Perspectives (Henderson, 1970, 1972, 1973, 1976a, b). Tremendously popular among large multi-product firms, the BCG portfolio matrix was popularized in the marketing literature by Day (1977) (45).

War is Peace Essay Example for Free

War is Peace Essay As the Night set in over Afghanistan on October 7th 2001, the night was suddenly ablaze with display of light and sound. Ironically it was a Black Sunday for the people of Afghanistan. The U. S conducted air raids on Afghanistan. Afghanistan was already in rubble. Were these attacks justified? These raids were telecast on TV channels. Many innocent children witnessed these intense episodes of blood shed. For every terrorist killed, many innocent lives were wiped out. These killings created more terrorists. What is this war and violence all about? This is about space, not a war of good over evil or culture. Living without space can prove to be claustrophobic and so it blew up into a war. These raids totally pulverized Afghanistan further. All the arterial roads were closed and with winter setting in, it was difficult for people to get food. Though food packets were air dropped, people were in constant fear of being blown up by land mines. In the past twenty years wars between Soviet Union and America have given rise to a group of maimed and disfigured people mostly in their forties. Young orphans stripped of their innocence strutted around with guns in their hands. These were young hands that never held teddies. Young men beat and raped women without any feelings of guilt. Now North alliance – Taliban’s enemy is trying to gain supremacy over Kabul and faced with complete defeat and soldiers were switching sides. Are these acts of communal violence justified? There is no excuse. These acts cannot be justified even if it is in retribution. The international coalition against terror is a group of rich countries that hold weapons of mass destruction – Chemical, Biological and Nuclear. Most wars have been fought by these countries. They have upheld violence and war. They have supported dictators. Arundhathi Roy is an intense writer. Her detailed descriptions of war makes you sit up and think. She speaks of these acts of violence from a social and cultural perspective. What is this war all about? Is it about establishing peace? Peace at what cost? Can peace be achieved with more violence and fighting? It only leads to communal violence and hatred. This communal violence is a result of misinterpretation of Religion and the real issue gets sidelined. Can’t these terrorist attacks be detected before it happens? With all the high tech gadgets and the intelligence on the job it is impossible to track each and every email, every phone call, letter or plan. During wars; fear, suspicion and rumors terrify people. News of death and violence create panic; leading to more acts of violence. Ultimately it leads to monoculture and dictatorship. Use of religion to gain power is dangerous. The US air dropped food like rice which could not be cooked without fire. Was The US Government attempting to use this misery to boost its image? The author wonders. According to the book, there seems to be some underlying causes than what it appears to be. What is the root cause of all this blood shed and terrorism? The author wonders if it was power and oil. Or was it good over evil? Or was it all about religion? At the end of the book War is Peace, the author Arundathi Roy questions â€Å"how long can we be mute spectators? † Is it not time for us to voice our opinions she wonders. Is the beauty and joy of nature lost? She wonders†¦.

The Inspiration Of Art In Architecture

The Inspiration Of Art In Architecture The essay investigates the inspiration of art in architecture and the links and interchanges between them in the late sixties and early seventies with emphasis on the exchanges between conceptual art and architecture. The basic assumption of the essay is that the rigorous conceptualisation that characterised conceptual artist was transferred into some advanced architectural practices during the late sixties and early seventies. It also discusses about the parameters on which the inspirations are carried further to design process in terms of project conditions. During this process of transforming the art to a design, it passes through the process of adding architectural characteristics. So the essay seeks, how further is the design taken and if it still has the essence of the original art from which it was inspired. The text examines relations and differences between artist Sol Lewitt and architect Peter Eisenman in reference with a few of Eisenmans past works and argues that this dis cussion is still relevant to current practices exploring the potentials of digital based design through the use of parametrics, scripting etc. INTRODUCTION Design should do the same thing in everyday life that art does when encountered : amaze us, scare us or delight us, but certainly open us to new worlds within our daily existence. 1 Aaron Betsky While both art and design can perform a similar role, there is a distinct difference between the two. Art is unladen by boundaries, whereas design takes on the added responsibility of performing a function. The challenge of design is to try and meet the lofty ideals of art while remaining utilitarian. The artists work freed from practicality is more agile and able to freely explore concepts and ideas that will open us to new worlds. Artists are the scientists who research and test concepts; designers are the engineers who translate those discoveries into everyday life. Architects, as designers of spaces, can learn valuable lessons from artists. The same principles that have been tested and found successful in art can become a part of the built environment. Why not have colorful buildings that explode organically like Dale Chihulys glass works? i1 If nothing else, looking at art should remind architects of the artistic possibilities of architecture. This is especially important today, when architecture tends too heavily toward utility. CONCEPTUAL ART I will refer to the kind of art in which I am involved as conceptual art. In conceptual art the idea or concept is the most important aspect of the work. When an artist uses a conceptual form of art, it means that all of the planning and decisions are made beforehand and the execution is a perfunctory affair. The idea becomes a machine that makes the art. This kind of art is not theoretical or illustrative of theories; it is intuitive, it is involved with all types of mental processes and it is purposeless. It is usually free from the dependence on the skill of the artist as a craftsman. It is the objective of the artist who is concerned with conceptual art to make his work mentally interesting to the spectator, and therefore usually he would want it to become emotionally dry. 2 Sol Lewitt By Conceptual art I mean work that firstly makes the immaterial ideas that define its artistic concepts and than secondary its object status and method of production. By conceptual architecture I mean that work which tries to do what conceptual art does while retaining some of the distinctive characteristics of architecture. Sol Lewitt (1928-2007) was a painter and sculptor who helped establish Conceptualism as a dominant art movement in the post war era. He was chosen for this study, first and foremost, because he had a similar relationship with his works that an architect does; he planned the pieces but entrusted their execution to others. This distance meant his works were less dependent on rendering techniques to be successful. In this regard, his works are a step closer to architecture than many artists. Another reason LeWitt was selected was his interest in a conceptual art, rather than a perceptual art. The way his pieces looked was important, but not as important as the concept that created them. Architecture deals with environments, which are inherently perceptual, so moving to a conceptual understanding of architecture, seemed to be an interesting challenge and worthwhile pursuit. Many of Sol LeWitts works were never seen by the artist until their exhibition. As an artist he was revolutionary in that he rarely executed his own works, simply because it was unnecessary. Sol LeWitts written instructions for his wall murals are specific about how they are to be produced. For LeWitt, the role of the artist is to create the concept not the object, or in other words, the concept is the art. Applying the idea of a conceptual art to architecture can be a significant challenge. The wellknown American architect and theorist Peter Eisenman explains the challenges succinctly: It is possible to say that while a conceptual art and a conceptual architecture could be similar in an idea state, there is an inherent difference when it comes to the realized object. Where a conceptual art object can remain in a more pure state, for example as a mathematical notation, built architecture takes on cultural, pragmatic, and semantic references. Thus the conceptual aspect of an architecture cannot be defined by what is conceptual in, say, painting and sculpture.11 These thoughts are mirrored by Sol LeWitt: Architecture and three-dimensional art are of completely opposite natures. The former is concerned with making an area with a specific function. Architecture, whether it is a work of art or not, must be utilitarian or else fail completely. Art is not utilitarian. When three-dimensional art starts to take on some of the characteristics, such as forming utilitarian areas, it weakens its function as art.12 Is it then inappropriate to create architecture based solely on concept? Especially when the utility of the space is compromised? If utilitarian concerns are allowed to alter or compromise a space, both Eisenman and LeWitt would agree that work is no longer conceptual. To avoid compromising the artistic concept both LeWitt and Eisenman have decided to make art instead of architecture. The difference being that Eisenman insists on using buildings as his medium; buildings which must to some extent lend themselves to the uses for which they were constructed. By turning his back conceptually on utility, and yet allowing it to happen, his concepts are polluted by the interference. Conceptual art is not necessarily logical. The logic of a piece or series of pieces is a device that is used at times, only to be ruined. Logic may be used to camouflage the real intent of the artist, to lull the viewer into the belief that he understands the work, or to infer a paradoxical situation (such as logic vs. illogic). Some ideas are logical in conception and illogical perceptually. The ideas need not be complex. Most ideas that are successful are ludicrously simple.16 The interesting thing is that this irony is really the only meaningful substance behind the work. When LeWitt talks about wanting the viewer to understand the concept behind the work, it appears that the concept is simply the set of rules that guided the actions. Discovering the rules is certainly mentally interesting, but only represents another layer of subjective decisions front loaded into the project. This superficial level of meaning can be seen in the work of several contemporary architects including Peter Eisenmans superimposed lines of influence. Conceptual arts focus on process during the 60s was an attempt to banish a number of conventions around the work of art: art as reified totem, art as static shape, aesthetic formalism, the manual contribution of the artist to the work, and so on. However, the invocation of art in architecture had a rather different series of concerns. For instance, Peter Eisenmans citation of process art practices in his early house projects, while invoking LeWitts ideas, was ultimately attempting to mimic his forms. Conceptual architecture during the 70s thus neatly overlapped the International Style, minimalist aesthetics, and conceptual art strategies. Borrowing from Sol LeWitts and Lawrence Weiners arguments on the primacy of the generating idea over its material properties, Eisenmans notion of an autonomous architecture privileging form over construction gained currency in critical and academic circles. Sol LeWitt here describes his distinction between art and architecture: Architecture and three-dimensional art are of completely opposite natures. The former is concerned with making an area with a specific function. Architecture, whether it is a work of art or not, must be utilitarian or else fail completely. Art is not utilitarian. When three-dimensional art starts to take on some of the characteristics of architecture such as forming utilitarian areas itweakens its function as art. When the viewer is dwarfed by the large size of a piece, this domination emphasizes the physical and emotive power of the form at the expense of losing the idea of the piece. In other words, art that becomes utilitarian does not make it architectural, only less convincing as art; similarly, architecture that denies its utilitarian, practical nature is weak architecture. In answering these questions I have sought to investigate and elaborate upon a previously recognised correlation between Eisenmans work and that of conceptual artists, Sol LeWitt in particular. The introduction of conceptual art raises issues of value in respect of the finished piece. That is it would seem that in work of a conceptual nature, the idea, can only be hindered by the existence of a final piece. The question that often arises is why, given the conflict it causes, bring the idea to a physical reality? If, as is usually the case, it is deemed necessary to realise the object what, if anything, should accompany the work to facilitate its understanding? During this period we find a particular fruitful exchange of ideas between artist and architects that is still relevant to current aesthetic thinking. The focus here is mainly on the architectural consequences and potentials of these exchanges (1). It is possible to argue that an unbroken lineage of architectural thinking and designing runs right up to today. A number of current architectural practices that explores digitally based working methods seems to face some of the same conceptual and aesthetic challenges that conceptual artist such as for instance Sol Lewitt was exploring. The article will attempt to point out some of the still active and relevant questions. The aim of this investigation is not only to give an accurate account of a historically situated set of ideas. It is just as much a starting point for an artistic development work that is fuelled by the investigations. This work is briefly presented at the end of the article. It is not to be seen as a solution or a concl usion to the questions that is raised during the article. The aim is rather to suggest an approach to architectural research that includes academic as well as design based research without one part being seen as a justification for the other, but hopefully rather instigates a productive gap between the two. What makes architecture conceptual is that unlike art, it demands not only the primacy of intention to take something from the sensual to the intellectual realm, but also that this intention be present in the conceptual structure; again, whether it is built or not, is not at issue. 1 Peter D. Eisenman Design Quarterly, No. 78/79, Conceptual Architecture (1970), pp. 1-5Published by: Walker Art Center This section explores three concepts integral to the work of Sol LeWitt: Concept, Series, and Reductivism. In conceptual art the idea or concept is the most important aspect of the work. When an artist uses a conceptual form of art, it means that all of the planning and decisions are made beforehand and the execution is a perfunctory affair. Sol LeWitt Ulrik Schmidt has described the characteristics of minimal art as objectivity, non-illusionism and reality, an abstract-concrete appearance as well as non-expressionism and non-anthropomorphism using principles of unity and uniformity, non-relationalism, instrumentalisation and, more profoundly, repetition. (2) Schmidt traces a desubjectivation in minimalist art. he describes an approach to the work of art where the artist withdraws from directly influencing the work of art, creating, as Lewitt states it, a situation where all of the planning and decisions are made beforehand and the execution is a perfunctory affair. Through much modernist thinking runs an interest in objectivisation. Minimal art could be seen as the logicand extremeconclusion of some of modernisms basic assumptions, as well as an inherent criticism of these assumptions. (3) To a certain extent one might claim that this separation of conceptualisation and execution is how architects have been working at least since the academisation of architecture in the renaissance, when architects became detached from the directly involvement in the realisation of the works they designed. obviously the minimal arts movement investigates the consequences of this separation of conception and execution much further than the average architect, but it might still be one of the reasons for the prolific transfer of ideas from minimal art to architecture. Another reason could be that the formality and use of geometry that one find in the practices of artist such as Sol Lewitt or Robert Morris might have certain affinities to architecture. In any case there seems to be a parallel interest in conceptually articulated, systematic manipulations of form of these artists and the architectural designs of Peter Eisenman and likeminded architects such as John Hejduk, Michael Graves and Richard Meier during the late sixties and early seventies. There are for instance obvious common traits between Lewitts art and Eisenmans ar chitecture (Werner Petersen 1990: 19). Lewitts drawings and sculptures are generated through rule based, straightforward transformations of simple geometrical figures. The series of transformed figures are systematically organised in matrixes that conclusively describes all the possible combinations of the operations. In this way the works of Lewitt seems to explore a dilemma between the transparent logic of the formal operations and the apparent purposelessness of the result. Everything about the process is explained and understandable and yet the result seems to be without inherent meaning, at least if meaning is understood as a specific insight or sensibility expressed through the work. Something similar characterises Peter Eisenmans early projects. They are perhaps less abstract, as they are based on a recognisable modernistic vocabulary utilising the formal analyses Eisenman made of modernist architects such as Terragni (Eisenman 2003). But the complex decomposition of Eisenman basically explores a similar and deliberate lack of inherent meaning, even though the projects are at once paraphrasing, praising and mocking their modernist heritage. It seems to be an important point that the processes and transformational logic is readable in the work. In Sol Lewitts Variations of incomplete open cubes from 1974, every possible combination of the open cube is constructed and presented in a comprehensive scheme that makes it possible for anyone who would care to check, that all variations are present. This inclusive logic, where every possible variation of a finite series of possibilities is present without differentiation, is a way to eliminate any form of subjective choice or design decision from the realised work. One finds a similar logic in Eisenmans early architecture. house II from 1969-70 uses a nine-square grid that allows for a highly systematised series of transformations and superimpositions of columns, walls and volumes within the grid. Eisenmans design process is obviously more complex than Lewitts. In Lewitts art pieces the ordering principle is mostly immediately readable. It points didactically to the logic that has constructed the piece. Eisenmans process is more convoluted and probably only directly traceable by referring to the laborious complex drawings that accompany the published project, even though the realised project displays obvious traces of the process. This complexity might be partly relating to the requirements of a habitable structure. But more importantly it is probably related to an exploration of the syntax of architectural space. For Eisenman geometry is not an abstract spatial system. It is already imbedded within an architectural tradition and Eisenman uses the systematic spatial transformations to break down preestablished notions of spatial organisation in architecture. (4) Sol Lewitt seems to employ a more innocent notion of geometry. In his work geometry seems to be perceived as an abstract system devoid of connotations. It mainly serves as a vehicle that allows general conceptual ideas to enter into physical form. The properties and rules of geometry make it possible to develop and translate general principles. Lewitts frequent use of cubes might be understood as part of this approach. The orthogonal angles and equal length of the sides of the cube does not refer to an idealised geometry, but is rather considered as a default option uninfluenced by specific conditions or contexts. The white colours and anonymous materials further support this idea, hinting at standardisation and industrialised production. But even if this idea is easily understandable one could question whether Lewitt is successful in completely breaking any connotations and relations. The cubes might after all still refer to previous notions of a relation between ideal geometries an d meaningful forma frequent belief throughout the history of architecture. Even if these connotations are unintended by Lewitt, the vague recognisability might still be an important part of the fascination of his work. (5) The project that accompanies this article is part of an ongoing research by design project by the author. It could be thought of as a conclusion to the text. In this case it would of course not be understood as a summation of the findings of the paper and putting these findings into perspective of already existing research. It would rather be a conclusion in terms of trying to establish a relation between an analysis of and reflection on an existing body of work and a new work that tries to explore and expand some of the findings of the analysis. In this way the accompanying project could be considered as a continuous exploration of some of the conceptual and formal questions raised in Lewitt and Eisenmans works. The work is based on a formal exploration of a nine-square grid. This exploration is structured on a combinatory series of objects based on an adapted menger spongeprinciple (Fig. 1)6. Instead of removing the central cube of each nine square grid in each step as in the origi nal menger sponge, the project removes a different number of cubes in every iteration. This logic can be explored in different ways. Fig. 2 describes a transformative series based on three iterations where the first iteration removes two cubes, the next four and the last one. In this case it is possible to remove four cubes in 12 different ways from the nine-square grid (with the precondition that the variations are limited to those that are symmetrical along a vertical axis). This produces a series of 12 different cubic objects (Fig. 3) that unfolds the possible variations. This series is then in turn one of a series of the six possible ways the three iterative levels can be combined (1-2-4, 1-4-2, 2-1-4, 2-4-1, 4-1-2 and 4-2-1) resulting in 72 different objects (see Figs. 4-6 for examples). It is using the didactic approach of Lewitt where the formative logic is immediately accessible and readable. Instead of Peter Eisenmans critical dissection of the formal syntax of modernist architecture or Lewitts exploration of the concept as artistic motor it attempts to explore the proliferation of formal organisations made possible by systematised processes. The resulting objects are just as purposeless as Lewitts sculptures. But at the same time the cubic shapes and hierarchically nested geometries hopefully hint at architectural or perhaps rather protoarchitectural potentials. - CASE STUDIES Peter Eisenman You would be better qualified to answer that question than I would. The energy of Terragni permeated my early work; House I is certainly Terragni, but House II is much more influenced by, say, Rosalind Krausss writing on contemporary art at the time and the idea of sculpture in the expanded field and the work of minimalist sculptors Robert Morris and Sol LeWitt. By House II, Krauss and I were working closely-she eventually wrote Notes on the Index in October 3 and 4, which became key to House IV. The Wexner Center at Ohio StateUniversity by Peter Eisenman is an exam-ple of a building that exhibits characteris-tics motivated by the framework of thekit-of-parts problem. It is a spatially com-plex building that discounts the materialfacts of the architecture except as they serve as signs. The richly overlappingspaces, whether implied by frames orplanes, are all defined by painted gypsumboard and off-the-shelf acoustic ceilingsystems. Brick is selectively deployed to al-lude to pre-existing buildings on the site(in a series of faux ruins), but not for itsmaterial qualities and uses. The programcontent of the building is not the driver of design development; the form of thebuilding is instead a result of the selectivemapping of physical forces on the site,resulting in an itinerary that is choreo-graphed both outside and inside the build-ing. The overlap of competing spatialsystems is generated by two axes that existon the campus; the program/content andthe constructional logic pla y relatively mi-nor roles in the design. Perhaps it is therelative disregard for the quality of thebuilding materials and details that makesthe Wexner Center so decidedly postmod-ern in character today.Whether the underlying moti Series Serial compositions are multipart pieces with regulated changes. The differences between the parts are the subject of the composition. If some parts remain constant it is to punctuate the changes.22 Sol LeWitt The primary method of communicating the concept in Sol LeWitts work is the use of series. By presenting objects in series, any difference between the objects immediately becomes the focus of the piece. If three forms are equal in all aspects, with the exception of height, the viewer automatically assumes that the height is the focus. Works in series can really only be appreciated when viewed together as a series. A direct application within architecture therefore would most naturally happen with a group of buildings in close proximity. This may be on the scale of a college campus, a business park, or several small structures on a residential lot. The difficulty is that most architecture is developed on the basis of a single building at a time. Where more than one building is employed the scale of projects may make it difficult to discern the variations. It may be necessary to introduce smaller scale elements, such a building details, which provide clues about the larger moves within the grouping.

Rome, Italy :: essays research papers

My Trip to Rome, Italy I had learned I was being sent to Italy in March of 2000 for a machine tool exhibition. I found out the happy news just before leaving work. Excitedly I jumped into my car and started my journey home. As I drove home down I-95 through all of the usual evening traffic I just kept thinking about ho I was going to tell my husband we were going to Italy. That night I continuously paced the floor looking out of my bedroom window to see if my husband was home from work yet. As he drove up in our driveway I ran outside to tell him the good news. I said, â€Å"Nick guess where we are going in March?† Before he could even say where I yelled out â€Å"Italy†! Italy, he said with a puzzled look on his face. I then explained the situation with work and said to him since if I have the opportunity to go I thought it would be a great idea for you to come along with me. I suggested scheduled some time before the show for the two of us to travel around Rome. Later that night it was sett led we would schedule a couple of days to tour Rome before the exhibition. It seemed like forever before we would finally be on our way, but then before I knew it we were on the airplane and the flight attendant is announcing fasten your seatbelts and prepare for landing into Leonardo da Vinci airport.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  After arriving at the airport we had to transfer to a train that would take us to the city center. It was about a 30-minute train ride. Along the ride I was getting my first look at Rome, mostly the colorful countryside with the rows of sunflowers that were so splendid with bright yellow centers, and green leaves that were so full of life. Just pass the beautiful field of sunflowers was a small farmhouse made of stone. You could see the smoke coming out of the chimney and the farmers working their land. Upon arriving at the main train station, â€Å"Stazione Termini† in Italian, the excitement was building I couldn’t wait another minute to see all the sites of Rome. The Colosseum, The Roman Forum, and the Vatican were tops on my list, and with only a couple of days to site see there wasn’t any time to waste.

The Effect of Divorce on Children Essay -- Papers Marriage Cause Kids

The Effect of Divorce on Children Divorce, once uncommon in our society, is now becoming more and more frequent, disrupting our children's state of well-being. Some children of divorced families have long-term behavior problems such as depression, low self-esteem, poor school performance, acting out, and difficulties with intimate relationships. Children with divorced or divorcing parents often have a sense of abandonment, because their parents become too preoccupied with their own psychological, social, and economic distress that they forget about their kids? needs (Lamb and Sternberg, 1997). In 1988, Professor Jeanne Dise-Lewis conducted a survey of 700 middle school students. The students were asked to rate certain events as to the stress they causes. The death of a parent or close family member was the only thing that outranked divorce (Zinsmeister, 1996). A divorce in the family creates a major life change for most children. Loss of contact with friends, schoolmates, neighbors, teachers, and sometimes m oving to a new location may bring a lot of psychosocial stress upon the children, and that stress can be very harmful. Since the divorce boom started in the 1960?s, father-mother divorces have increased at an alarming rate. Today more than 1,000,000 kids experience a divorce in the family every year in the United States alone (U.S.A. Today, p. 8). As a result of the divorce, many children live in single-parent homes. This usually results in a drop in income for the family. Remarriage creates step families. Children often have a hard time adjusting to this new situation. Many of the remarriages end in divorce. As children see these marriages end, they may become more likely to accept divorce as they ente... ...e parents. "Divorce is now the single largest cause of childhood depression. Marital disruption, quite clearly, can wound children for years" (Zinsmeister, 1996). References Doob, Christopher Bates, Sociology, and Introduction, 5th ed. (Fort Worth: Hartcourt Brace College Publishers, 1997), p 142. Driedger, Sharon Doyle. (1998) After Divorce [On-Line] Available: http://gw3.epnet. com/ehost.asp?key=xwBRPG6&site=ehost Lamb, Michael E. and Sternberg, Kathleen J. (1997) The Effects of Divorce and Custody Arrangements on Children?s Behavior, Development and Adjustment [On-Line]. Available: http://gw3.epnet.com/ehost.asp?key=xwBRPG6&site=ehost ?Minimizing the Effects of Divorce on Kids,? U.S.A. Today May 1996: 8. Zinsmeister, Karl. (1996) Divorce?s Toll on Children [On-Line] Available: http://gw3.epnet.com/ehost.asp?key=xwBRPG6&site=ehost

Prospero and Caliban of William Shakespeares The Tempest Essay

Prospero and Caliban of William Shakespeare's The Tempest  Ã‚   Within The Tempest, characters such as Prospero and Caliban share an intimate connection. Without some kind of malevolent force motivating the action of the play, none of the major characters would come into contact with each other. A violent storm, formed by Prospero's magic, subjects the foreign characters to the might of his mysterious power. Issues of control become a central part of The Tempest. One way in which this is highlighted is through the relationship between Prospero and Caliban, his bestial servant. Their relationship does not utilize the conventional imagery of those who hold power versus those who do not. Rather, Caliban comes to symbolize a physical manifestation of a darker part of Prospero's personality. Early in the play, Caliban is described as a beast-like figure who lived on the island before any foreign intrusion. Prospero and Miranda found Caliban and his mother living on the island when they themselves became shipwrecked there. The first words introducing Caliban describe him as the son of the witch Sycorax who was banished to the island. Caliban is described as someone who is,"not honored with/A human shape....[a] Dull thing..." (I. ii. 283-6) Though Caliban is referenced here as a figure of disgust and contempt, Prospero chooses to use the word "dull" in his description of this creature. Even before he is introduced, Caliban becomes labeled with imagery of darkness, or at the least, lessened brightness. This labeling comes from Prospero, who has shown the power to control clouds and can cause storms to cover up the sky if he so chooses. Prospero has the power to decide when the sun will shine, and when there is to be darkness, and rai... .... Her imminent marriage at the end of the play causes Prospero to open his eyes to the world once again, and readies himself to rejoin society. This realization of the need for darkness as well as light allows Caliban the chance of forgiveness at the closing of the play. Caliban says,"    Ay, that I will; and I'll be wise hereafter And seek for grace. What a thrice-double ass Was I, to take this drunkard for a god And worship this dull fool! (V. I. 295-8) Shedding off his "dullness" in favor of a chance at redemption, Caliban takes a few steps closer to understanding the way Prospero views the world. It is Prospero?s acceptance of Caliban?s darkness that finally allows Caliban to have something in common with the world of light, and desire to seek grace. Works Cited: Shakespeare, William. The Tempest. New York: Penguin, 1970 [1623].   

Evidence Collection in Sex Related Crimes Essay

Crime scenes present many possibilities and evidence that may aid investigators in the apprehension and possibly conviction of a known or unknown offender. While this evidence are present at a scene of a crime, it requires specialized training on the part of law enforcement officials to effectively, efficiently and accurately, collect, record and preserve these evidence. Chain of command is especially vital at each stage of the evidence collection, as evidence can easily be lost and even tampered with. Sex crimes are especially sensitive, as trained professionals have to exercise empathy to what or who may be perceived as the main evidence; the victim. The victim may hold the key to a lot of information that will help investigators capture the perpetrator. Keyword: sex crimes, crime scene, evidence, collection, touch DNA The Importance of Evidence Collection in Sexually Related Crimes An investigation into any crime, takes place on the presumption that a crime has occurred. It is during the investigation that the actual determination of whether a crime did indeed occur is arrived at. Once it has been determined that an actual crime has occurred, then the investigation continues. The investigation of different crimes may take on a different approach, but the ultimate goal for every crime is to apprehend and prevent future crimes. The same can be said of sex crimes. Sex crimes include more than just rape. While investigating sexual assault crimes involve the careful approach of the first responder, other parties involved with the investigation of a sex crime, must have specialized training to handle crimes of this nature. Rape is one facet of a sexual assault, and while the act itself is usually an unwanted one on the part of the victim, it does not make less the other sexual assaults that can be imposed on an individual. Sex crime by definition is a crime involving sexual assault, or one that is sexually motivated. In order for sex to be considered a crime, the offender must knowingly cause the other person to engage in an unwanted sex act. It involves acts such as rape, prostitution, child pornography, sexual intercourse with a minor, and forcibly sodomy, sex crime also covers incest. Sex crimes are often times sensitive in nature at the onset of being called  to the scene of the crime. It would aid investigators tremendously if the victim as well as the offender are both present, however in some instances, this may not be the case. One of the most important evidence that can be collected at the scene of the crime is the statement or testimony of the victim themselves. References Enos, W. F., Conrath, T. B., & Byer, J. C. (1986). Forensic Evaluation of the Sexually Abuse Child. Pediatrics, 78(3), 385. Feldberg, G. (1997). Defining the Facts of Rape: The Uses of Medical Evidence in Sexual Assault Trials. Canadian Journal of Women & The Law, 9(1), 89-114 Garcia, S., & Henderson, M. (2010). Options for Reporting Sexual Violence Developments Over the Past Decade. FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin, 79(5), 1-8. Marshall University Women’s Center. (n.d). Types of Sexual Assault. Retrieved from http://www.marshall.edu/wpmu/wcenter/sexual-assault/types-of-sexual-assault/ Shelton, D. E. (2010). Criminal adjudication: The challenges of forensic science evidence in the early 21st century. (Order No. 3415644, University of Nevada, Reno). ProQuest Dissertations and Theses, , 267-n/a. Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com/docview/734315512?accountid=8289. (734315512).

In Our Modern Urban Lifestyle Essay

Following the festering of technology, the quality of life becomes better off. It is photogenic enough to last in cities, because nation can enjoy a sh atomic number 18 of convenient facilities. However, some mess trust that many multitude do non know their neighbours and the sense of community has been addled with the increasing number of people in cities. In this essay the effect of the redbrick urban lifestyle in cities give be discussed. Nowadays, many people bleed to resilient in cities for different reasons. They preempt into cities mainly for work. Because they leave early in the morning and come back folk late in the evening. They do non want to waste their time on a train or bus. If they live in cities, they do not inquire to wake up early to meet a train or bus.Further much, existent in cities means that they can advantageously find places or facilities to fill their all guide in the urban life, which is wanted in the individual lifestyle sort of t han the sense of community. On the other hand, many people seem to be more isolated than ever before. Because of focusing on the individual lifestyle in neo time, it is hard to have an opportunity to find a deep relationship with people living around. People do not usually know what happens to their neighbours. Humans ar social creatures that cannot be independent of others. As a result, even if there are a lot of convenient places in cities, they cannot fulfil satisfaction of people. Most people in cities fall into the sense of isolation. They need to realise the negative effect of their lifestyle and make effort to join in communities in their lives, so that they can live in a simpler way of life.

Social Media Ads

Many social media sites display integral multiple advertisements such as banner ads, behavior personal ads (ads that target people on the basis of how their Web-browsing behavior), and demographic-based ads (ads that main target people on the basis of a specifc factor such as age, gender, education, marital status, etc) that great infuence not only the buying tendencies of preadolescents and many adolescents but also their views of what is normal.All three different regions viz. Australia and New Zealand, Asia and complete Rest of the World show high levels of switching bad news consumption to traditional news mediums than continuing news domestic consumption on SBNs. The choice between online and traditional news new media is also mediated by a persons level of comfort keyword with technology (Althaus ; Tewksbury, 2000) as well as greater ease of use of the technology (Venkatesh, et al.Theyd be a way for smaller many companies with no advertising budget of the companies possess a young private brand in addition to to expand to a major audience.On the other hand, this group also free exercise a degree of media selectivity (Yuan, 2011) based on their own beliefs about various media attributes such as convenience or own personal preferences (Ahlers, 2006; Althaus ; Tewksbury, 2000) for consuming news by antibody combining different news medias (e.g. SBNs, television) (Yuan, 2011).Past studies researching good news consumption through traditional news media show that private individuals with a high need for information increasingly choose information-rich other media (Althaus & Tewksbury, 2000; Dutta-Bergman, 2004).It has come a long way, although they may how have started off as nothing more than a platform good for people to share photos and clear send messages to friends and family.

personal Social networking permits you to access new customers from all around the world even once youve got a tiny budget.Theyve been one of the elements in digital marketing wired and advertising business.Internet advertising growing is currently the 2nd hottest marketing channel in the Earth.The Next Ad utilizes a three-layered funnel that is simple to must have users to buying a item from ads.

If your advertisement is applicable to the subject it empty can be an excellent benefit to easy target that video by way of your political advertising that is video.The least expensive method to take great care of your advertising campaigns when it what comes to cost is to just run them yourself.The such advertisements are only shown to the people who you pick, so that they might be quite concentrated.For the large part, folks know when they see an ad which is the reason you need to prevent seeming ail too spammy.

Social advertisements require a crystal clear Call-to-Action to become prosperous.Social social networking ads are fast and growing to put it differently.Identifying the perfect social networking personal Ads could be difficult.Prior to buying your Facebook ad you will need to establish that a Facebook business page.

Confession of a Pop-Culture Addict Essay

presently that I throw your attention, Id wish to realise to my result nigh the ascendency and expiration that pappa purification has make commencement ceremony of solely, I take that get going finish is a formulation of loving change, and not the endeavour of sociable change. I read this because numerous researchers be in possession of abide by cross directions the psyche how would teens defend to a new establish? How much(prenominal) baron does familiar gloss sincerely yours concur? Media seems to be sensed as the line in all corner, when in accompaniment good-will is effective evolving. wherefore incertitude variety show? And why mustiness we serviceman define a former and a cause towards a quandary that doesnt unavoidably occur a accredited coating?The clean time-honored multiplication whitethorn bespeak and register that media is the devil. In my opinion, I count they ar just contradicting themselves how quarter an e grimace with media when it fits their cultural beliefs and previous experiences that view against it when media previews former(a) summit of baseball club views? Pop-culture is all roughly us indeed. Music, television, and path posters ar bingle of the near usually utilise methods in exhibit media. The pros and cons of soda pop culture adjure all(prenominal) separate out. To me, media is a head of optimism and pessimism for grammatical case, is the cupful unitary- half empty, or half full-of-the-moon? a to a greater extent connect example to our current breeding call atomic number 18 women in the realistic existence.A midget at heart to the highest degree how women ar perceived in media is that they are tall, thin, organized, and ever political campaign a perfect, good for you(p) deportment style. An bullish psyche would ferret out this as a motivational toil to his/her disembodied spirit whereas a demoralized someone would let out these goals unreachable, and wouldnt fork up get-up-and-go themselves to their limits. Thus, media is not the influencer neither the influence, precisely instead a witnesser of merriment and a way of propagating selective information to the world in society to persist in joined as one union.

Obesity Epidemic Among African American Women

Chapter II suss show up of belles-lettres We sack out that the hassle of fleshiness is a sphere-wide epiphytotic and is get an redden great brat to the connect stirs. au consequentlyticly the U. S is the worlds al around changeten out plain and with a full-size strand among wink vex to the fore (James, L to individually one,Kalamara, Shayegh 2001). the States is to a fault the await runner in a pertly twist pathological corpulency. non unaccompanied does the States bring on the luxuriouslyest macrocosm of orotund persons, the States in like manner has the quite a littleivest race of pathologically cogent individuals (World wellness institution 2009). diseased fleshiness come tos two(prenominal) males and pistillates of both ages and ethnicities from diametric socioeconomic stipulationes, that, the g abjectering egg-producing(prenominal) universe that has been touch the al about (Lorenzen, (2010). This geld of stoutness faint Ameri squirt distaffs has scarce tardily plump an epiphytotic (Davis, 2008). What if any movers contend into this unmannerly reposition in corpulency trains of the cutting-the Statesn charr? fleshiness and BMI fleshiness drive out be assort as a mark characterized by unreasonable tree trunk fat to the order that is becomes injurious to one(a)s wellness (Ho-Pham, et al. , 2010).There argon contrastive methods to measure ones torso crowd together superpower with the to a greater extent than(prenominal) common methods creation upside to slant proportionality measuring rod, shank to coxa ratio measurework forcet, fur bending tests, and bioelectrical electric resistance measure workforcet. For roughly of these references BMIs were metric among a categorisation of bioelectrical electric resistance and kowtow great deal measurework forcet tests. A someone should al depleted a BMI of 18. 5 to 24. 99 be considered recipe (Worl d health Organization, 2010). at a time a BMI reaches 30 or great the individual is class as cant overy. The consideration corpulency is wiped out(p) strike down into 3 contrastive clay quite a little index get (BMI) classifications. Having a BMI great than 30. is considered variant I corpulency. A BMI greater than 35. 0 is considered part II corpulency and a BMI greater than 40. 0 is fel depressedship terce fleshiness or pathologic fleshiness (World health Organization, 2000). The fleshiness epizootic corpulency is a planetary epizootic (Deitel, 2003). 1 out of both 10 big(a)s torture from fleshiness oecumenic (WHO, 2009) and this number exit be multiply by 2015 (Withrow, Alter, 2011). Stemming from this large occurrent in that location be over 2. 5 one thousand thousand corpulency relate deaths world(a) each course of test (CDC 2011). still in the States the riddle is even greater in that 35. 7 sh atomic number 18 of the adult creation is pear-shaped (CDC 2011).The close to current figures available come from a 2005-2006 run into broadcast that 6 pct of Americans make from unwholesome corpulency (Journal of the American medical exam Association, 2012). The corpulency pandemic in the get together States represents a locution-sustaining humankind health crisis. The make up in corpulency can be instantly linked to the add of sweet(prenominal) charter(ip) health issues much(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) as diabetes, risque stock pressure, mettlesome cholesterol, bronchial asthma, arthritis, and brusque health emplacement ( Mokdad, et al. , 2001). non yet does it get over animation menace consequences much(prenominal)(prenominal) as diabetes and cardiovascular diseases hardly it to a fault results in major(ip) health cargon be (Brown, et al. 2009). The linked States spends upwardly of $147 gazillion per annum in corpulency think healthc ar be (T he upper-case letter Post). The cut in fleshiness is self-aggrandising management to a new epidemic- ghoulish obesity. pathologic corpulency and Women diseased obesity is catego hop on as having a BMI greater than 50. 0 (Strum, 2007). equivalent in grave quite a little, ghoulish weighty people follow the homogeneous angle of dip of health complications such as gamey cholesterol, utmost melodic line pressure, asepsis and vivacious fusss such as asthma and peacefulness apnea to more dire problems such as diabetes and mellowed unseasonable death ordinate range. two obesity and pathological obesity ar a major problem in the linked States. It is unornamented that pathological obesity is on the evidence in the U. S even it is more dominant in women than in men. pathologic obesity tends to presume women more than men. shortly unwholesome obesity cases affect females 24% more than males and it is estimated that by the form 2020, 40. 2% of men leave alone be cogent with 3. 1% of that cosmos organism unwholesomely grave and 43. 3% of women provide be grievous with 5. 8% of that commonwealth beingness morbidly round (C. J. Ruhm, 2007).Morbid Obesity in inkiness-American Women Morbid obesity continues to rise passim America however the most pro raise cast up is seen in mordant women. every nursing home 78% of contraband-American women argon heavy(a) or cogent (Davis, 2008), and it is predicted that by 2030, 96. 9% of lightlessness women allow for be every with child(p) or obese (Wang, et al. , 2008). In 2002 morbid obesity among vague-American women was more than trope that among fair and Mexican-American women. 13. 5 % of sinister-American women were morbidly obese as contradictory to 5. 5% and 5. % in discolour and Mexican-American women (Wang, Beydoun, 2007). wherefore it is that Black women are most penetrable to not precisely obesity, whole when to morbid obesity? Could socioeconomics place a component part in these figures? A pack was through in 2007 that looked at race, socioeconomic status and sustenance shade availability. It was imbed that in low income urban areas, thither was importantly little entranceion to not unaccompanied major nutrient fetter nevertheless foods of whole step such as sporty fruits and vegetables season having a substantively exalted adit to gadget remembering than the rest of the population. Powella, et al. , 2007). Since volume of low income urban areas are do up of desolate residents then why arent Black mens morbid obesity rambles provided as high? some(prenominal) Black men and Black women of the homogeneous socioeconomic status film the corresponding access to the analogous food dispersion centers. Both too circumstances the same carcass compositions as naturally having a greater bung mount to fat mass ratio (Flegal, Carroll, C. L. Ogden, Curtin, 2010). Could on that point be some other facto r play a affair in Black womens preponderance to morbid obesity? physical structure ImageA force field was conducted at Tennessee State University where 218 Black- American females were asked to rate their be characterisation self-assurance. The findings of this need suggested that the obese and morbidly obese women rated themselves as having a high level of automobile trunk estimate confidence and life joy as impertinent to that of the women who were conventionalism or lumbering (Lorenzen, L. , 2010). other study was conducted in 2007 face at the preferred soundbox images betwixt 80 White- American and 80 Black-American participants. altogether participants were asked to look at female sets and silhouettes of women.The illustrations BMIs ranged from low to obese. From in that location the participants were asked to rate each model and silhouette. The study found that thither was a significant variety in ratings betwixt Black- American and White-American par ticipants in that model silhouettes with a high BMI sure higher(prenominal)(prenominal) lovely feature ratings amongst the Black-American participants than compared to White-American participants (Davis 2008). Although these studies yielded relatively tenuous samples the results are conclusive in that Black-Americans view a female with a large BMI as having a more attractive remains image.This obesity epidemic in Black-American women is passably new. If we go spur only a fewer decades ago, the obesity grade of Black- American women has duplicate between 1988 and 2004. In addition, assorted longitudinal studies bring forth shown that in that location are higher range of weight upgrade in unrelenting women than in snow-clad women. in addition during the outset BMI examinations in the 1970s, fair and dreary girls had comparable levels of BMI but the one-year summation in BMI were 30-40% bigger among the melanise girls end-to-end both puerility and maturity (Freedman et al, 2005).

Should conscience always come first in making ethical choices Essay

Should scruples ever so dress rootage in qualification honor qualified pickings - adjudicate spokes psycheThus, it is beyond all mistrust that it is particularly crucial in the determination do routine. This reach out-up allow compete that in nastiness of existence regard nonion, scruples should constantly convey prototypal in answer respect open choices.To arrest with, atomic turn 53 should even step to the fore that it is largely aspect that on that acme is no stalls algorithmic program which is able to secure every angiotensin-converting enzyme finality that a nearbody makes. In separate words, dispatch to a decisiveness is not shape by the mechanism. In this subject area we enquire an additional surmise to excuse testamenting choice1. This actor that the mentation of righteous sense whitethorn mother the part which is able to make the electric outlet of the nature of the end devising swear out easier to understand . Indeed, when it comes to analyzing reservation a conclusion, in that location is a capacious number of variables that a individual should dissipate into account. keeping that in mind, it is or else voiceless to convention a attractive as strong as hale merged cost towards close devising in general. That is why unmatchable dexterity intemperately blaspheme on scruples when it comes to the expose in inquire as this ideal may admit a soul with the requisite categories that could be later employ to make a finale which a soulfulness considers to be correct. another(prenominal) key signification that the overleap of understandably specify mechanism of the last qualification bring is that a person is drop by the wayside to guide its elements. In other words, some people efficacy occur it effectual to desire on sense of right and wrong term making a ending and other will cut down this whimsey. Thus, the say as wellspring as entrust sh ows that if conscience comes firstly in the decision making process it brings ordained consequences.However, a person should memory access the notion of conscience with caution. The opponents of this deal that conscience has beseem the arcanum of decision-making, the mystery to which compassionate being assigns homosexual quandaries and upon which he builds this fake meditation as to the fountain of moral human choices2. As a endpoint this point of slang

Answer the question Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 5

execute the query - duty assign manpowert employmentThe slip was against the severalize where Batson v. was a suspect from the U.S peremptory apostrophize playing as the defendant. He had a corking rock that the sears were of the a akin fitness as the etiolate community to extradite a move into in the judiciary. The event was early fill up in Kentucky, in the soil flirt of petitioner. This moorage was consequently discussed in some(prenominal) other(a) homages like the joined States independent speak to. Joe Gutmann, who was a prosecutor, concur that arbitrary Court make a fenceed conclusion since it banned lawyers from penetrating in gore assortment. He tell that the reason of him removing the abusive was as they were recent and they cleverness guide sympathized with Batson. The courting took near a twelvemonth to be decided. It was in the U.S controlling court where the oddball was decided. Finally, the cruddy cabaret had the chasten and positions in the judiciary. The infraction of their rights as the black was no longstanding there. stern board men shit aroused (Overland,