Wednesday, October 30, 2019

Government Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Government - Research Paper Example Trying Jones in the states court will also attract a maximum sentence unless he pleads guilty whereas the federal court has comparative leniency of federal rules regarding wiretaps and informants which give Jones the possibility of a minimal sentence compared to the former. The fact that he helped with the collecting of evidence to build cases against Smith and Thompson should influence the severity of his sentence in a federal court. Therefore it is my recommendation that once again a federal court is more beneficial because Jones’ actions of helping collect evidence will sway the judges or jury in a federal court. This will go a long way in helping future informants co-operate because they see that there snitching on the others is beneficial to them (Winnfred, 2011). Since no previous records have been found on Smith, the recommendation is to file the case in the Sedgwick County District Court. Smith should be charged with possession and trafficking as a first offender. The prosecutor should consider cutting a deal with Smith which will see the reduction of his sentence in exchange for him informing on his suppliers. ... The federal courts also need to issue a warrant to search all of Thompson’s premises. Secondly the federal courts offer greater harsher penalties for drug related offences that help deter people from future trafficking. According to 1993 statistics from the Department of Justice, the average federal sentence for selling powder cocaine was 79 months; the average for trafficking in crack cocaine was 141 months. Since Thompson seems to be a big time dealer he faces a harsher sentencing. Thompson should also be offered a deal just like Smith by the prosecutor where he faces a less harsh sentence if he is to inform on his suppliers (Harris 2007). The federal courts also offer an avenue for liaising with other courts in other states and other countries unlike the state courts in the event that Thompson’s suppliers are from different states or countries. Since Jones’ testimony is key to prosecuting Thompson, the prosecutor should make it clear to the judge that in no wa y should Jones’ previous convictions influence the decision made by the court in the trial against Thompson. He should still be viewed as a credible witness despite his selfish reasons in informing on Thompson. Looking at the federal law in the United States, there is no full reception statute provided on the level of federal law that spearheaded common law and therefore giving power to federal courts to fabricate precedents that were deemed legal. Federal courts culminate from the federal constitution together with the federal Judicial Acts. On the other hand, people have come to accept the fact that the earlier inhabitants of the United States, by their action of bestowing â€Å"judicial authority† into the highest court of the land

Monday, October 28, 2019

Principles of Insurance Essay Example for Free

Principles of Insurance Essay 1. Principle of Uberrimae fidei (Utmost Good Faith) Principle of Uberrimae fidei (a Latin phrase), or in simple english words, the Principle of Utmost Good Faith, is a very basic and first primary principle of insurance. According to this principle, the insurance contract must be signed by both parties (i.e insurer and insured) in an absolute good faith or belief or trust. The person getting insured must willingly disclose and surrender to the insurer his complete true information regarding the subject matter of insurance. The insurers liability gets void (i.e legally revoked or cancelled) if any facts, about the subject matter of insurance are either omitted, hidden, falsified or presented in a wrong manner by the insured. The principle of Uberrimae fidei applies to all types of insurance contracts. 2. Principle of Insurable Interest The principle of insurable interest states that the person getting insured must have insurable interest in the object of insurance. A person has an insurable interest when the physical existence of the insured object gives him some gain but its non-existence will give him a loss. In simple words, the insured person must suffer some financial loss by the damage of the insured object. For example :- The owner of a taxicab has insurable interest in the taxicab because he is getting income from it. But, if he sells it, he will not have an insurable interest left in that taxicab. From above example, we can conclude that, ownership plays a very crucial role in evaluating insurable interest. Every person has an insurable interest in his own life. A merchant has insurable interest in his business of trading. Similarly, a creditor has insurable interest in his debtor. 3. Principle of Indemnity Indemnity means security, protection and compensation given against damage, loss or injury. According to the principle of indemnity, an insurance contract is signed only for getting protection against unpredicted financial losses arising due to future uncertainties. Insurance contract is not made for making profit else its sole purpose is to give compensation in case of any damage or loss. In an insurance contract, the amount of compensations paid is in proportion to the incurred losses. The amount of compensations is limited to the amount assured or the actual losses, whichever is less. The compensation must not be less or more than the actual damage. Compensation is not paid if the specified loss does not happen due to a particular reason during a specific time period. Thus, insurance is only for giving protection against losses and not for making profit. However, in case of life insurance, the principle of indemnity does not apply because the value of human life cannot be measured in terms of money. 4. Principle of Contribution Principle of Contribution is a corollary of the principle of indemnity. It applies to all contracts of indemnity, if the insured has taken out more than one policy on the same subject matter. According to this principle, the insured can claim the compensation only to the extent of actual loss either from all insurers or from any one insurer. If one insurer pays full compensation then that insurer can claim proportionate claim from the other insurers. For example :- Mr. John insures his property worth $ 100,000 with two insurers AIG Ltd. for $ 90,000 and MetLife Ltd. for $ 60,000. Johns actual property destroyed is worth $ 60,000, then Mr. John can claim the full loss of $ 60,000 either from AIG Ltd. or MetLife Ltd., or he can claim $ 36,000 from AIG Ltd. and $ 24,000 from Metlife Ltd. So, if the insured claims full amount of compensation from one insurer then he cannot claim the same compensation from other insurer and make a profit. Secondly, if one insurance company pays the full c ompensation then it can recover the proportionate contribution from the other insurance company. 5. Principle of Subrogation Subrogation means substituting one creditor for another. Principle of Subrogation is an extension and another corollary of the principle of indemnity. It also applies to all contracts of indemnity. According to the principle of subrogation, when the insured is compensated for the losses due to damage to his insured property, then the ownership right of such property shifts to the insurer. This principle is applicable only when the damaged property has any value after the event causing the damage. The insurer can benefit out of subrogation rights only to the extent of the amount he has paid to the insured as compensation. For example :- Mr. John insures his house for $ 1 million. The house is totally destroyed by the negligence of his neighbour Mr.Tom. The insurance company shall settle the claim of Mr. John for $ 1 million. At the same time, it can file a law suit against Mr.Tom for $ 1.2 million, the market value of the house. If insurance company wins the case and collects $ 1.2 mi llion from Mr. Tom, then the insurance company will retain $ 1 million (which it has already paid to Mr. John) plus other expenses such as court fees. The balance amount, if any will be given to Mr. John, the insured. 6. Principle of Loss Minimization According to the Principle of Loss Minimization, insured must always try his level best to minimize the loss of his insured property, in case of uncertain events like a fire outbreak or blast, etc. The insured must take all possible measures and necessary steps to control and reduce the losses in such a scenario. The insured must not neglect and behave irresponsibly during such events just because the property is insured. Hence it is a responsibility of the insured to protect his insured property and avoid further losses. For example :- Assume, Mr. Johns house is set on fire due to an electric short-circuit. In this tragic scenario, Mr. John must try his level best to stop fire by all possible means, like first calling nearest fire department office, asking neighbours for emergency fire extinguishers, etc. He must not remain inactive and watch his house burning hoping, Why should I worry? Ive insured my house. 7. Principle of Causa Proxima (Nearest Cause) Principle of Causa Proxima (a Latin phrase), or in simple english words, the Principle of Proximate (i.e Nearest) Cause, means when a loss is caused by more than one causes, the proximate or the nearest or the closest cause should be taken into consideration to decide the liability of the insurer. The principle states that to find out whether the insurer is liable for the loss or not, the proximate (closest) and not the remote (farest) must be looked into. For example :- A cargo ships base was punctured due to rats and so sea water entered and cargo was damaged. Here there are two causes for the damage of the cargo ship (i) The cargo ship getting punctured beacuse of rats, and (ii) The sea water entering ship through puncture. The risk of sea water is insured but the first cause is not. The nearest cause of damage is sea water which is insured and therefore the insurer must pay the compensation. However, in case of life insurance, the principle of Causa Proxima does not apply. Whatever may be the reason of death (whether a natural death or an unnatural death) the insurer is liable to pay the amount of insurance.

Saturday, October 26, 2019

Book Report on A Tale of Two Cities :: essays papers

Book Report on A Tale of Two Cities My favorite scene in A Tale of Two Cities is one of the last scenes, when Sydney Carton is about to go to the guillotine. It takes place in Paris, near a prison, and many people have gathered to watch french aristocrats be beheaded. The atmosphere is tense and chaotic; Sydney, however, remains calm, even though he is about to be killed. Sydney is holding the hand of a young girl who is given no name other than a "poor little seamstress". Sydney and the seamstress, who are both being wrongfully killed, comfort each other just before they reach the guillotine, and they seem to have an instant romantic connection with each other. I loved this scene because it showed that Sydney Carton had finally found someone who could love him, as he could love them, but it saddened me that he had found her just before their deaths. Another scene I particularly enjoyed was the scene in which a large cask of wine had dropped and broken in the street. Because many people had very little to eat or drink, a large crowd gathered around the dirty puddle and began drinking what they could of the spilled wine. This scene was very descriptive, explaining how the people tried to scoop up the wine in their hands, and how they soaked it up with handkerchiefs from women's heads and squeezed the wine into infants' mouths. Other people licked the stones in the street or sucked on the pieces of wood from the cask. This passage showed how unfortunate many of the people were, without actually saying that they were just poor. Specific words and phrases were used to effectively paint a vivid picture of the scene. One of the most important scenes in this novel was the scene in which Dr. Manette is at the house of the Evremondes', tending to a psychotic young peasant girl. The two Evremonde brothers convince Dr. Manette to come with them, to see someone who they believe needs help. When he arrives at their spacious house, he immediately hears piercing screams, coming from upstairs. He is taken to the room, to see a girl, about 20 years old, who is tied down to a bed, shrieking loudly, and thrashing around. The doctor gives her medication, seemingly to no avail. Meanwhile, the "elder" brother takes him to another patient, the girl's brother, who has a fatal wound in his chest.

Thursday, October 24, 2019

PriceWaterhouseCoopers LLP Auditors? Independence Issues & Violations :: essays research papers fc

SEC Concerned with Changes in the Public Accounting Profession The SEC and the former Chairman Arthur Levitt Jr. were extremely concerned that the public accounting firms were violating the auditors independence rules addressed through the Securities Exchange Acts. Auditing firms now had dual citizenship in public companies: (1) they issued opinions on audited financial statements and (2) they participated in various consulting engagements for those same companies. Levitt's solution was to split auditing and consulting. The former Chairman was concerned that the public would lose confidence in the financial markets †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ and the whole system would be jeopardized. Public Accounting Revenues vs. Consulting Revenues by 1999 By 1976, audit fees accounted for approximately 70% of total revenue earned by any accounting firm in general. According to the Public Accounting Report, an Atlanta newsletter, the auditing and assurance services revenues dropped to 30% and tax services business accounted for 19% of the total revenues earned in 1999. Mathematically speaking, this means management consulting services accounted for approximately 51% of the total revenue being earned in 1999 by public accounting firms. Fact: According to The Business Journal's Book of Lists, PwC had $75 million in South Florida billings in 1998 to place third among accounting firms. SEC Auditors’ Independence Rule The independence rules require that auditors refrain from investing in companies that they audit, to ensure objective, truthful reporting and opinion. The rule applies to all auditors, their relatives, spouses, dependents, non-dependents, and, in some cases, associates must disclose all holdings. On the September 25, 2002 issue of BusinessWeekOnline.com, the Accounting Wars Powerful auditor-consultants are the target of Arthur Levitt’s crusade articles defined â€Å"Independence to mean, CPAs cannot audit their own or their partners' work†¦.†¦..clear and honest information is dependent on the CPAs independence†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦an auditor must not have any financial stake in the health, or even survival, of a client company.† There are those in the profession that believe this rule is archaic and does not hold any value in today’s financial world. Barry Melancon, President and CEO of the American Institute of Certified Public Accountants stated, â€Å"The SEC has a right to expect the profession to adhere to the rules; however, the profession has a right to expect the regulatory environment to remain modern.† Fact: In 1933, when Congress first required public financial reports, lawmakers debated whether audit fees would taint auditors' independence. PriceWaterhouseCoopers LLP PriceWaterhouseCoopers LLP is a public accounting firm formed through a merger between Coopers & Lybrand LLP and Price Waterhouse LLP, which was consummated on or about July 1, 1998.

Wednesday, October 23, 2019

Hoffman Discount Drugs, Inc

Case 7-3 (2) The first alternative of giving Data Systems control of product with exchange for any product after year end implies that the revenue is not earned until the final product is determined after year end. In this situation, Excello cannot recognize its revenue until Data System is totally sure the final products that they are actually want to purchase. For example, this year, Data System bought 1000 fax machines, but next year Data System will change it to another 1000 ones and return the previous products at the same time. Meaning to say, Excello still have control on it and same goes with Data System.According to FRS, revenue only can be recognize when and the value is determinable. The second alternatives of transfer ownership with guarantee that Excello would purchase equipment with ten year useful life as the sale implies that Excello would have to recognize a liability to Data System in the amount of the revenue. Meaning to say, first Excello needs to transfer the own ership to Data System for the revenue recognition and at the same time Excello needs to recognize the liability towards Data System. Again, if Excello does not recognize the liability to Data System, so it is an offense.The third alternative allows the return of the merchandise for full credit anytime after year end is conditional sale. Revenue should not be recognized until after the deadline for the full credit. Meaning to say, the value should be determinable in order to recognize it as revenue. If I am the chief financial officer, I would recommend to the Data Equipment System for the second alternatives. Of the three alternatives, the second alternatives has the revenue earned before year end and would be in accordance with GAAP as long as Excello also recognizes their liability to purchase a product from Data Systems.The first offer, it is not ethical if we record the revenue too soon because the earning process has not been completed and the conditional exchange still valid. We cannot record the revenue until the product would be exchange. For the third offer, as we know the revenue cannot recognized in the current year. Means that, the actual amount of revenue do not recorded. It is also unethical if we record the revenue since we know the deadline for the full credit is in the next year. We should strive with the virtue perspective such as honesty, objectivity and trustworthiness in recording the revenue.Honesty requires that the statements should be truthful and recognize revenue using generally accepted accounting principles. Objectivity requires that the company should approach its decision about the proper revenue recognition procedure with fair-mindedness and without partially to one set of stakeholders. Trustworthiness means that the accountants should not violate the investors’ faith that the statements are accurate and reliable. Other than that, to make a decision we should consider the greatest good for the greatest number of stakehold ers.

Tuesday, October 22, 2019

Acropolis essays

Acropolis essays The acropolis is one of Greeces most monumental pieces that still stand today. Erected as a place of worship, the area towers over the city of Athens as a dedication the God Athena. In the age of the 5th century BC, the city of Greece, had emerged the victor of war. To the victor, comes the spoils, and rewarded they were. They had been rewarded with a greater sense of self-pride, and this opened their eyes to discovering themselves to a greater extent. Greece and its people had grown in confidence, patriotism, religion and culture, and through the method of architecture, wanted to share and show their new take to life. This time of the Greeks gave birth to the creation of the Acropolis complex, which is part of the ancient wonders of the world. In this time of post victory, the Greeks wanted to show the world and remind themselves of their ever-great country. The orders of Doric, and Ionic architecture have been used extensively in this shrine. This is because the style of classical architecture that included ionic and doric designs, is something that the Athenians thought were unique to them. These Doric and Ionic traits included things such as their column styles, pediment pieces, and walls decorations such as friezes or metopes as the Greeks called it. The aim of the Parthenon and the whole acropolis complex, is to be very Greek, very Athenian, with no outside influences, it would truly represent the pride of the country. Such a grand and huge scale project would convey the very values of the Greek people clearly such as religion and of course architecture. Like Gothic architecture to the French, it would leave a signature of Greek style architecture embedded into it, their classical architecture. This way, the acropoli s will always be remembered to be unmistakably of Greek origin. Unfortunately for the Greeks, the Romans also adopted their architecture and may cloud the judgement of the viewer about the origins of the acr...

Monday, October 21, 2019

How Long Is the ACT With Breaks

How Long Is the ACT With Breaks SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips While the test-taking part of the ACT is strictly timed at 2 hours and 55 minutes, the actual time you'll spend in the testing room is longer due to breaks, check in, and other factors. This guide will take a closer look at how long the ACT is with breaks and the amount of time you can plan to spend at your testing center. First, let's consider how long the exam itself is versus how long your whole test-taking experience will be. How Long Is the ACT? Strictly speaking, the ACT is exactly 2 hours and 55 minutes (175 minutes) or 3 hours and 35 minutes (215 minutes) with the optional essay. In terms of the specific amount of time per section: English is 45 minutes Math is 60 minutes Reading is 35 minutes Science is 35 minutes Optional essay is 40 minutes The sections always come in this order, and you can't return to work on a section once time has been called. You also can't flip ahead to other sections. The only exception is for students with approved accommodations, like extended time or Special Testing. The ACT is a fast-paced and time intensive test, and you only get one ten-minute break during the multiple-choice sections. This break always comes after Math and before Reading. If you're taking the essay section, then you'll get a five-minute break after Science and before beginning the essay. This is also when students not taking the ACT with Writing will leave the testing room. To give a more realistic sense of how long the ACT will take, including breaks and other factors, let's look at the entire ACT test-taking experience. The test will take all morning. How Long Is the ACT Test-Taking Experience? How long is the ACT with breaks? Including your 10 minute break, the ACT without Writing will take a total of 3 hours and 5 minutes from the time you start testing. With Writing, the ACT will clock in at 3 hours and 50 minutes, with the following schedule. (For simplicity's sake, I used a start time of 8:30 AM. Depending on how much time it takes for set up, students begin testing somewhere between 8:30 and 9:00, so you can shift this schedule forward accordingly.) Section Total Time Start Time End Time English 45 min 8:30 9:15 Math 60 min 9:15 10:15 Break 10 min 10:15 10:25 Reading 35 min 10:25 :00 Science 35 min :00 :35 Break (some students leave) 5 min :35 :40 Optional essay 40 min :40 12:20 Total 230 min For the most part, this schedule is standard for all students in all test centers across the country and world (give or take a minute to switch between sections). At least, it's supposed to be. It's possible there could be some variations if the proctor isn't strict about break times, or if there's some disruption like students taking too long to return to their testing room or someone getting dismissed for cell phone use. A few students have reported that their proctors skipped over their breaks completely, which both messes with your pacing and is totally unfair. If you find this happening to you, make sure to speak up, as you're entitled to take a ten-minute break after the Math section. The only other exception, as mentioned above, is for students who get accommodations for extended time on the ACT or extended or additional breaks. Otherwise, testing conditions should remain the same for all students. What other procedures come before you start taking the ACT? What Are the ACT Test Day Procedures? You should plan to arrive at your test center by 7:45 AM at the latest. Students should be checked in by 8:00, and latecomers won't be admitted. Your test will be on a Saturday morning at your chosen test center, unless you were approved for an alternative testing date due to religious reasons. Test centers vary in size, and larger ones might be holding other exams that same morning. It might take some time to get through the check-in line, hang up your belongings, high five your friend good luck, and find your room and assigned seat. I would advise getting there before 7:45, around about 7:30, to be safe. Make sure to save your admission ticket even after you're admitted, as you'll need it to fill out personal information on the test. Once all students are checked in, the proctor will read directions and hand out the tests. You'll spend some time filling out your personal information. All of this will take 30 minutes to an hour, so you'll actually begin taking the ACT between 8:30 and 9:00. In rare cases, students will be asked to take an unscored fifth section. This may be multiple choice or student-produced responses, and it's used to test out future material. In the past, this sections has been just 16 minutes. Most students will be finished and dismissed from the testing room between :30AM and 1:00PM, depending on when your exam starts and if you take the essay. The only exception is students with extended time, who will either stay until around 2:30 to 3:00 or take the ACT at their school over multiple days. Considering the ACT is an intense marathon of a test, you should make sure to get there early and take advantage of break times. Don't add any extra stress to your morning by running late or getting distracted by being hungry or thirsty. Don't go hungry on test day. How Can You Be Well-Prepared on ACT Test Day? Do you ever have a morning where it feels like everything's going wrong and you're constantly running 15 minutes late? You do not want your ACT test day to be one of those mornings. To make sure everything goes as smoothly as possible, you should pack your bag with everything you need the night before, like Number 2 pencils, your calculator, snacks, and a drink. Try to go to bed early and eat a nutritious snack in the morning (definitely want to avoid a mid-test sugar crash). Take advantage of your 10-minute break after the long Math section to get up and move around. Re-energize with a snack and drink of water. Clear your mind, and get ready to shift from Math to Reading. Just moving around and looking off into the distance will help refresh you before returning to tackle the Reading section. I would suggest returning to your seat about a minute before you start up again to settle in and get back into test-taking mode. Again, if your proctor isn't giving you a break (rare), speak up and get your time. You should have your ten minutes before Reading and five minutes before the essay. Just by being aware of the test day schedule and preparing with official ACT questions, you shouldn't have too many surprises on test day. Let's briefly review the most important pieces of information about the length of the ACT. To Sum Up... The ACT is about three hours (or three and a half with Writing), but the entire test-taking experience will be around four and a half (or five) hours. Upon arrival at the test center, you'll spend half an hour to an hour getting checked in, seated, and filling out information on your test. You get one ten-minute break after Reading and one five-minute break after the multiple choice sections. Arrive by or before 7:45AM and plan to be picked up or drive home at between :30AM and 1:00PM, depending on when your exam begins and if you take the optional essay. Prepare the night before, get there early, and take advantage of your break times. Before you know it, you'll be all finished and can enjoy the rest of your weekend! What's Next? For more on timing and what to expect on test day, check out our expert guide answering all your questions on the length of the ACT. Students and test experts agree that the ACT has been getting harder and more difficult to finish over the past few years. What does the ACT have to say about this? Has it been getting even more challenging? Read all about changes in the ACT here. Are youwondering when you should sign up to take the ACT for the first time? This guide describes the most important considerations to help you choose the best test date for you. Disappointed with your ACT scores? Want to improve your ACT score by 4+ points? Download our free guide to the top 5 strategies you need in your prep to improve your ACT score dramatically. Have friends who also need help with test prep? Share this article! Tweet Rebecca Safier About the Author Rebecca graduated with her Master's in Adolescent Counseling from the Harvard Graduate School of Education. She has years of teaching and college counseling experience and is passionate about helping students achieve their goals and improve their well-being. She graduated magna cum laude from Tufts University and scored in the 99th percentile on the SAT. 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